Impact of Gas Adsorption Induced Coal Matrix Damage on the Evolution of Coal Permeability

It has been widely reported that coal permeability can change from reduction to enhancement due to gas adsorption even under the constant effective stress condition, which is apparently inconsistent with the classic theoretical solutions. This study addresses this inconsistency through explicit simulations of the dynamic interactions between coal matrix swelling/shrinking induced damage and fracture aperture alteration, and translations of these interactions to permeability evolution under the constant effective stress condition. We develop a coupled coal–gas interaction model that incorporates the material heterogeneity and damage evolution of coal, which allows us to couple the progressive development of damage zone with gas adsorption processes within the coal matrix. For the case of constant effective stress, coal permeability changes from reduction to enhancement while the damage zone within the coal matrix develops from the fracture wall to further inside the matrix. As the peak Langmuir strain is approached, the decrease of permeability halts and permeability increases with pressure. The transition of permeability reduction to permeability enhancement during gas adsorption, which may be closely related to the damage zone development in coal matrix, is controlled by coal heterogeneity, external boundary condition, and adsorption-induced swelling.     

射电脉冲星的偏振特性与逆康普顿散射（ICS）模型

大量射电脉冲星的偏振观测－包括红偏振和圆偏振，个别脉冲的生直偏振模式，累积脉冲的消偏振现象等－为辐射区的物理状态和辐射提供了非常确切的观测事实，但现有理论对大从观测事实尚无法给出完整的说明，综述了脉冲星的偏振观测特征，并利用逆康谱顿散射模型对这些特性进行了解释。     

3种典型荒漠灌木内生固氮菌及固氮酶基因nifH多样性分析

具有特殊生境的内生固氮菌,对改善植物营养、增强植物抗逆性及群落稳定性具有重要作用,是一类潜力巨大、尚待开发的微生物资源。以新疆3种典型荒漠灌木多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）、盐穗木（Halostachys caspica）为材料,从根和枝条组织中分离筛选获得137个内生固氮菌菌株,采用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、16S rDNA序列测定、BOXAIR-PCR指纹图谱、nifH PCR-RFLP等方法分析其遗传多样性及系统发育关系。结果表明：分离菌株经16SrDNA PCR-RFLP酶切图谱聚类划分为9个遗传类型。序列测定和系统发育分析显示,代表菌株分属于拉恩氏菌属（Rahnella）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、泛菌属（Pantoea）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）和申氏杆菌属（Shinella）,其中Rahnella为优势种群。一个测定菌株的16SrDNA序列同源性低于97%,提示可能为一个潜在的新种。BOXAIR-PCR分析优势种群的基因组结构特征,获得12种指纹图谱类型,显示出该种群具有丰富的基因组多样性。nifH PCR-RFLP分析分离内生固氮菌菌株固氮酶基因nifH的分子多态性,将其划分为3种基因型,体现了nifH具有高度保守性,同时在不同固氮微生物种群和菌株间也存在一定的多样性。研究结果丰富了固氮微生物物种资源库和基因库,对于内生固氮菌资源的保护和利用奠定了科学基础。     

南极普里兹湾附近海域表层海流特征分析

利用第29次南极科考期间在普里兹湾海区释放的8个Argos漂流浮标所获的总计662 d的数据,对普里兹湾及其邻近海域的表层海流特征进行了分析,并和以前的研究结果进行对比,结果表明:普里兹湾西部和北部表层海流基本呈现向西的流动,说明此地区的表层海流以沿南极大陆的逆时针沿岸流为主。普里兹湾东部海流呈现先向南再向西或先向南再向北的流动,普里兹湾西北部海流呈现向南的流动。8个浮标平均流速在0.02—0.20 m·s~(-1)之间,最大流速为1.57 m·s~(-1),流速1.0 m·s~(-1)的大流速区主要集中在普里兹湾、克洛斯角外侧、达恩利角外侧海域,流速1.5 m·s~(-1)的大流速区只出现在普里兹湾、克洛斯角外侧两处海域。     

中国第26次南极考察南大洋碳通量评估

南大洋是大气CO2的重要汇区,而近几十年来这个汇出现了明显变化并成为了研究的热点。利用中国第26次南极考察期间雪龙船绕南极航行所获得的现场碳及相关参数观测数据,分析推导出海水pCO2及其主控因子(叶绿素和水温)之间的经验关系,并结合相关卫星遥感数据建立遥感外推算法,计算南大洋50°S以南海区碳通量分布,评估该海区对大气CO2的吸收能力。计算结果表明,2009年11月从90°E到90°W(顺时针方向),50°—75°S海域为CO2输送大气的弱源,平均输入大气通量为9.482 mol·m-2·month-1,碳释放量为0.001 779 5×1015gC;2009年12月从90°W—90°E(顺时针方向),50°—75°S海域为吸收大气CO2的弱汇,平均碳通量为-12.451 mol·m-2·month-1,碳吸收量为0.026 656×1015gC。将经验关系推导至该月份的50°—75°S整个南大洋的计算中发现,2009年11月南大洋为大气CO2的源,碳释放量为0.002 789 6×1015gC;在2009年12月南大洋为大气CO2的汇,碳吸收量是-0.003 503 5×1015gC。相比之前我们所观测的结果,南大洋的碳汇吸收能力呈现明显下降。     

基于非对称传感器的地震预警与烈度速报综合用烈度仪

对典型的地震预警与烈度速报方法进行分析,提出了基于非对称传感器的地震预警与烈度速报综合用烈度仪,其由非对称结构的三分量传感器和基于ARM嵌入式系统的专用数据采集器组成。经过测试,该地震烈度仪的专用数据采集器具有大于107 dB的动态范围;其非对称三分量传感器结构中,所选的单分量B类传感器的加速度误差小于0.8%,动态范围大于105 dB,而所选的三分量C类传感器的加速度误差小于5%,动态范围大于61 dB。该地震烈度仪的各项指标均满足地震预警与烈度速报综合应用的各项技术要求,且功耗低、成本低,适合于高密度布设。     

猜测，思维的翅膀——论猜测性思维在地学中的应用

地质思维是地学研究特有的思维方式。地学的研究方法、理论学说的建立，地球史观的变革都包含着推测、猜想的成分。猜测是一种类比思维，它与逻辑推理交织在一起，也有一个验证和修正的过程     

Validation of the effects of temperature simulated by multi-model ensemble and prediction of mean temperature changes for the next three decades in China

Using series of daily average temperature observations over the period of 1961–1999 of 701 meteorological stations in China, and simulated results of 20 global climate models (such as BCCR_BCM2.0, CGCM3T47) during the same period as the observation, we validate and analyze the simulated results of the models by using three factor statistical method, achieve the results of multi- model ensemble, test and verify the results of multi-model ensemble by using the observation data during the period of 1991–1999. Finally, we analyze changes of the annual mean temperature result of multi-mode ensemble prediction for the period of 2011–2040 under the emission scenarios A2, A1B and B1. Analyzed results show that: (1) Global climate models can reproduce Chinese regional spatial distribution of annual mean temperature, especially in low latitudes and eastern China. (2) With the factor of the trend of annual mean temperature changes in reference period, there is an obvious bias between the model and the observation. (3) Testing the result of multi-model ensemble during the period of 1991–1999, we can simulate the trend of temperature increase. Compared to observation, the result of different weighing multi-model ensemble prediction is better than the same weighing ensemble. (4) For the period of 2011–2040, the growth of the annual mean temperature in China, which results from multi-mode ensemble prediction, is above 1 °C. In the spatial distribution of annual mean temperature, under the emission scenarios of A2, A1B and B1, the trend of growth in South China region is the smallest, the increment is less than or equals to 0.8 °C; the trends in the northwestern region and south of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are the largest, the increment is more than 1 °C.     

GPS automatic monitoring system for outside deformation of Geheyan Dam on the Qingjiang River

In this paper, the background of developing GPS Automatic Monitoring System for outside deformation of Geheyan Dam is described concisely. The framework, precision and features of the system are stated in detail. Finally, the prospective application of the system is introduced.     

新疆哈密地区天湖岩体岩石谱系单位划分及其岩浆演化

在１５万区域地质调查基础上,利用花岗岩等级体制填图方法对天湖花岗岩体进行解体,建立了三个填图单元,归并为一个超单元。对各单元岩石类型、矿物成分、组构及野外接触关系进行了论述。通过岩石化学和地球化学资料论证,该岩体是同一次岩浆熔融事件过程中曾经发生过三次岩浆侵入活动而形成的环状深成岩体。