A preliminary study of the weathering mechanism of fossilized Cretaceous Hamipterus bones

The discovery of Hamipterus tianshanensis had important scientific significance because three-dimensional preserved fossils can provide unique information about the reproduction,development,and evolution of pterosaurs.However,the pterosaur fossils exhibited violent weathering,including noticeable cracking and spalling,since the preservation environment changed dramatically after excavation,which severely influenced the preservation of these fossils and the scientific research conducted on them.To determine the weathering mechanism of these fossil bones,the samples were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence(XRF),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS).The results indicate that calcite is the main mineral in the hollow bones,but it is mixed with a small amount of other minerals,such as quartz,feldspar,and other debris particles.Moreover,the main component of the pterosaur bones is hydroxyapatite,and carbonate has substituted for some of the phosphate(B-type carbonated apatite)in the fossil bones.A small amount of calcite and manganese oxides has precipitated in the vascular canals.The phosphate crystallinity index(PCI)is 4.17.These results indicate that the fossils have undergone severe diagenesis.Apart from these alterations,the fossil bones have high contents of anions and cations such as Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,and Ca²⁺,and the total content of soluble salts is 35584.41μg g^-1.Based on these results,it is inferred that the weathering mechanism of the fossil bones is as follows.First,the fragile hollow bones cracked easily because of the enormous thermal stress caused by the dramatic temperature changes in the Gobi Desert and the differences in the thermal expansion coefficients(TEC)of the surrounding rocks,the fossil bones,and the different fillers.Second,a large amount of stress is generated by salt crystallization when the temperature and humidity change,and the pterosaur fossils will be damaged when the crystallization pressure exceeds the tensile strength of the fossils.These results suggest that the preservation of pterosaur fossils requires suitable desalination and consolidation conditions.Moreover,they should be preserved in a constant temperature and humidity environment.     

美伊冲突中的GPS信号增强分析

对2019年6月美伊冲突事件中的GPS功率增强进行了分析,具体从接收机类型、天线类型以及卫星型号三部分对GPS P(Y)码的功率增强进行了分析,分析表明,采用不同类型接收机的测站,其功率增强值明显不同,而采用不同类型天线的测站,其功率增强值相差不大;此外,在接收机或天线类型相同情况下,同组并址站的相同类型的卫星功率增强值对比结果呈一致性.      

北祁连早古生代俯冲杂岩带的变形特征与构造演化

北祁连早古生代俯冲杂岩带分布于青海省祁连县清水沟－百经寺地区。主要由裂谷型火山岩、蛇绿构造混杂岩、变质沉积岩和高压变质岩（蓝片岩和榴辉岩）等组成。各岩石单位均以构造岩片形式产出,构成由北向南的逆冲叠瓦式结构样式。俯冲杂岩带的变形特征、构造序列及变质作用特征,揭示了北祁连造山带的俯冲碰撞造山过程。     

长江与黄河沉积物中粘土矿物及地化成分的组成

采用X射线衍射物相分析、ICP－AES成分分析等方法对长江与黄河沉积物中粘土矿物、地化成分组成进行了研究，结果表明：在粘土矿物组成上，长江、黄河沉积物都为伊利石＋绿泥石＋高岭石＋蒙皂石组合，但长江沉积物以伊利石含量高（约70％）、蒙皂石含量低（约5％－7％）、伊利石／蒙皂石比值大于8为特征；黄河型沉积物则以伊利石含量低（约60％）、蒙皂石含量高（约15％）、伊利石／蒙皂石比值小于6为特征。在小于0.016mm粒级内残渣态地化成分组成上，TiO2、CaO、Na2O、MgO、Fe2O3、Sr、Ba、Li、Co和V在长江、黄河两类沉积物中差别明显。黄河沉积物中碳酸盐的含量通常都为长江的2倍以上，而在小于0.005mm（7.5φ）粒级中黄河沉积物碳酸盐的含量约为长江的9倍。     

东海泥质和砂质沉积区悬浮物垂向分布的季节变化特征

9404,9410 ,9702及98074个航次对东海泥质和砂质沉积区总悬浮颗粒物的季节调查显示由于冷涡区海水的底层幅聚作用使得位于冷涡中心的111站悬浮物含量高且集中在底层 ;111站海水中悬浮物含量冬、春季高 ,夏、秋季低 ,而410站则是春、夏高 ,秋、冬低。东海悬浮物的垂向分布可归纳为4类 :上低下高型 ,上高中低下高型 ,上低中高下低型及均匀型     

淇河鲫的RAPD标记及遗传多样性

利用40条随机引物对淇河鲫种群进行了RAPD扫描，并与彭泽鲫、普通野鲫鱼进行了比较；共有31条引物有扩增产物，扩增的DNA片段长度在250～1000bp之间；引物S42、S50和S184对三种群的扩增产物有显著差异，可作为其分子遗传标记。用10条引物对10尾淇河鲫鱼的遗传多样性进行了分析，其平均遗传相似率为0．782。     

The construction of high precision geostrophic currents based on new gravity models of GOCE and satellite altimetry data

The new gravity field models of gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer(GOCE), TIM_R6 and DIR_R6, were released by the European Space Agency(ESA) in June 2019. The sixth generation of gravity models have the highest possible signal and lowest error levels compared with other GOCE-only gravity models, and the accuracy is significantly improved. This is an opportunity to build high precision geostrophic currents. The mean dynamic topography and geostrophic currents have been calculated by the 5 th(TIM_R5 and DIR_R5), 6 th(TIM_R6 and DIR_R6) release of GOCE gravity field models and ITSG-Grace2018 of GRACE gravity field model in this study. By comparison with the drifter results, the optimal filtering lengths of them have been obtained(for DIR_R5, DIR_R6, TIM_R5 and TIM_R6 models are 1° and for ITSG-Grace2018 model is 1.1°). The filtered results show that the geostrophic currents obtained by the GOCE gravity field models can better reflect detailed characteristics of ocean currents. The total geostrophic speed based on the TIM_R6 model is similar to the result of the DIR_R6 model with standard deviation(STD) of 0.320 m/s and 0.321 m/s, respectively. The STD of the total velocities are 0.333 m/s and 0.325 m/s for DIR_R5 and TIM_R5. When compared with ITSG-Grace2018 results, the STD(0.344 m/s) of total geostrophic speeds is larger than GOCE results, and the accuracy of geostrophic currents obtained by ITSG-Grace2018 is lower. And the absolute errors are mainly distributed in the areas with faster speeds, such as the Antarctic circumpolar circulation, equatorial region, Kuroshio and Gulf Stream areas. After the remove-restore technique was applied to TIM_R6 MDT, the STD of total geostrophic speeds dropped to 0.162 m/s.     

基于地震“哼鸣”的全球面波层析成像

基于地震的全球面波层析成像技术的发展对于探测地球深部动力学状态起着至关紧要的作用。人们很自然地认为只有大地震才会产生类似探测所需要的穿入地球深部的长周期地震波。然而,由海洋和/或大气扰动随机产生的地震＂哼鸣＂的发现,即地球背景自由振荡,提供了一种可供选择的方法。我们在此呈现的是利用地震＂哼鸣＂而非天然地震进行上地幔地震层析成像的结果。在100～400s周期,Rayleigh波的相速度异常可通过下述方式测得,即对观测得到的54个遍布全球的地震台站中每两个台站间的互相关函数进行模拟,然后对这些异常进行反演,以获取上地幔三维S波速度结构。此方法为探测具有大气和/或海洋的类地行星——特别是火星的三维内部结构提供了一种新的途径。     

Simulation analysis on characteristics of land surface over western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during freezing–thawing period

Using the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment—Asian Monsoon—Tibet Plateau Experiment (GAME-Tibet) observational data—from October 2002 through September 2003—of Gaize in the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP), the land-surface characteristics of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are simulated by the improved land-surface model Common Land Model (CoLM). The results show that CoLM can reproduce the land-surface characteristics of plateau areas well. In the surface-energy balance of the western QXP in the winter half year, the sensible heat (SH) flux constituted the dominant energy, and the latent heat (LH, here and after) flux is very small. Although the LH flux nearly equals zero in freezing season, it cannot be ignored during the period of freezing–thawing in QXP. In the transition season from mid- to late-May, the frequent phase change of soil water that is caused by the freezing–thawing process leads to the increase of LH flux and decrease of the Bowen ratio. The simulation results also indicate that the changes of surface effective heat fluxes (SH and LH flux) are associated with precipitation and the frequent change between freezing and thawing processes in soil surface.     

美国地质调查局斥巨资支持地壳变化探测、地震研究和地震监测

最近,美国地质调查局(USGS)通过其网站公布了对地壳变化探测、地震研究和地震监测的经费支持情况。