东准造山带原泥盆系的形成时代及源区：碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据

新疆东准地区晚古生代地层出露广泛,其沉积时限的精确限定对理解中亚造山带的增生和拼贴过程、确立该地区构造框架及油气开发具有深远意义。然而,目前的研究主要集中于岩浆岩方面,对于晚古生代地层时代及其空间展布的研究则相对缺乏,特别是石炭系和泥盆系沉积地层标定较为模糊。为此,本文选取了3个原泥盆系砂岩进行了细致的野外剖面测制、岩石学观测和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析。研究显示：原泥盆纪砂岩的最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为346～312 Ma,碎屑锆石年龄谱图分为：380～310 Ma（晚泥盆世-早石炭世,71.8%）、445～385 Ma（志留纪-早-中泥盆世,11.7%）、480～450 Ma（奥陶纪,3.9%）、540～485 Ma（寒武纪,4.5%）和前寒武纪年龄段（8.1%）,碎屑锆石年龄谱图区域上具有由南向北、由西向东呈简单化趋势且晚古生代年龄比重增加。结合该区岩浆岩年代学研究成果,将研究区原泥盆系沉积时代重新厘定到晚石炭系早-中期,认为东准地区的碰撞拼贴时间应发生于晚石炭世,并非是不同期次碰撞拼贴之产物。     

极化方位角补偿信息支持下的植被参数反演

SAR图像中散射目标的散射矩阵受极化方位角(POA)的影响会改变散射体的散射特性,散射矩阵是极化干涉SAR (PolInSAR)估计不同极化状态下复相干性的基础。本文根据极化方位角产生机制,建立了多视情况下基于极化方位角补偿的极化干涉相干性估计模型,分析了极化方位角补偿对相干性估计方法和不同散射机制下相干性估计的影响程度,研究了基于三阶段法与极化方位角补偿的植被参数反演。利用L波段SIRC全极化SAR图像为实验数据验证极化方位角补偿对极化干涉相干性估计和植被参数反演的可行性。实验结果表明,极化方位角补偿能够改变不同极化状态相干性分布规律,提高相干直线拟合精度,改善植被参数反演的可靠性和合理性。     

最佳小波包基的矿区植被及红边位置提取

小波包变换能同时对植被光谱信息的低频和高频分量进行分解,并能克服小波变换时间分辨率高而频率分辨率低的缺陷从而具有能够探测植被细微变化的优势。实验利用Hyperion高光谱影像对云南省普朗铜矿区植被像元的光谱进行最佳小波包基参量获取与植被信息识别,并在此基础上提出一种提取重金属污染下植被红边位置的最佳小波包基系数应用模型。研究结果表明基于最佳小波包基参量的植被信息识别及基于最佳小波包基系数的重金属污染探测具有可行性与一定优越性。     

Quantifying the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff from the Laohahe basin in northern China using three different methods

Much attention has recently been focused on the effects that climate variability and human activities have had on runoff. In this study, these effects are quantified using three methods, namely, multi‐regression, hydrologic sensitivity analysis, and hydrologic model simulation. A conceptual framework is defined to separate the effects. As an example, the change in annual runoff from the semiarid Laohahe basin (18 112 km²) in northern China was investigated. Non‐parametric Mann‐Kendall test, Pettitt test, and precipitation‐runoff double cumulative curve method were adopted to identify the trends and change‐points in the annual runoff from 1964 to 2008 by first dividing the long‐term runoff series into a natural period (1964–1979) and a human‐induced period (1980–2008). Then the three quantifying methods were calibrated and calculated, and they provided consistent estimates of the percentage change in mean annual runoff for the human‐induced period. In 1980–2008, human activities were the main factors that reduced runoff with contributions of 89–93%, while the reduction percentages due to changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration only ranged from 7 to 11%. For the various effects at different durations, human activities were the main reasons runoff decreased during the two drier periods of 1980–1989 and 2000–2008. Increased runoff during the wetter period of 1990–1999 is mainly attributed to climate variability. This study quantitatively separates the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff, which can serve as a reference for regional water resources assessment and management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using a H∞ filter assimilation procedure to estimate root zone soil water content

Root zone soil water content impacts plant water availability, land energy and water balances. Because of unknown hydrological model error, observation errors and the statistical characteristics of the errors, the widely used Kalman filter (KF) and its extensions are challenged to retrieve the root zone soil water content using the surface soil water content. If the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, the KF and its extensions fail to accurately estimate the root zone soil water. The H‐infinity filter (HF) represents a robust version of the KF. The HF is widely used in data assimilation and is superior to the KF, especially when the performance of the model is not well understood. The objective of this study is to study the impact of uncertain soil hydraulic parameters, initial soil moisture content and observation period on the ability of HF assimilation to predict in situ soil water content. In this article, we study seven cases. The results show that the soil hydraulic parameters hold a critical role in the course of assimilation. When the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, an accurate estimation of root soil water content cannot be retrieved by the HF assimilation approach. When the estimated soil hydraulic parameters are similar to actual values, the soil water content at various depths can be accurately retrieved by the HF assimilation. The HF assimilation is not very sensitive to the initial soil water content, and the impact of the initial soil water content on the assimilation scheme can be eliminated after about 5–7 days. The observation interval is important for soil water profile distribution retrieval with the HF, and the shorter the observation interval, the shorter the time required to achieve actual soil water content. However, the retrieval results are not very accurate at a depth of 100 cm. Also it is complex to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter in the HF assimilation. In this article, the trial‐and‐error method was used to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter. After the first establishment of limited range of the parameters, ‘the best parameter set’ was selected from the range of values. For the soil conditions investigated, the HF assimilation results are better than the open‐loop results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用目标分解特征的全极化SAR海冰分类

特征提取及其选择是SAR海冰分类的重要步骤之一。在众多特征中选取有效特征,进而构建表达地物类型的特征空间是提高分类精度的关键。为此,本文提出一种基于目标分解特征的全极化SAR海冰分类算法。首先,对全极化SAR数据进行多视化处理及滤波操作,生成相干矩阵;其次,对相干矩阵进行目标分解,并针对分解结果提取散射特征参数,进而构建特征空间;再次,通过对所提取的特征进行统计相关性分析,并对高相关特征采用PCA降维,以优化特征组合;最后,设计BP神经网络分类器,并将所得的优化特征矢量作为输入,海冰类别为输出,实现海冰分类。本文以格陵兰中部海域作为研究试验区域,采用L波段ALOS PALSAR全极化数据。通过对本文算法与对比算法的分类结果进行定性定量分析,可以得出本文所选取的特征对海冰识别较好。此外,通过对利用各个不同特征海冰分类结果的性能分析,可以得出基于散射模型的目标分解比基于特征值的H/α/A分解更有助于海冰分类。     

基于机器学习的表层土壤成矿元素空间预测: 以稀有金属铷元素为例

近些年随着土地质量地球化学调查工作的开展,获取了大量表层土壤样品数据。然而,这些数据也存在一个明显的缺陷,即1∶50 000大比例尺表层土壤数据往往缺少成矿元素。鉴于土壤成矿元素含量对于矿产资源勘查的重要指示作用,尝试基于现有数据对大比例尺表层土壤成矿元素含量提供一个补全方案。以稀有金属铷元素为例,采用随机森林算法把同一区域2 548组1∶250 000小比例尺表层土壤数据按照8∶2的比例随机分为两组,用80%的数据进行训练建模,20%的数据对模型进行验证。采用变量重要性度量排序和构建学习曲线的组合方法优选了8种元素(K、B、Ni、V、Zn、As、Co、Cu)作为预测变量,模型对训练数据和测试数据的拟合优度R²分别达到0.983 2和0.895 6,说明预测变量的优选方法是有效的。随后将1∶50 000表层土壤的上述预测变量数据作为输入变量导入模型中,得到预测的Rb元素含量,预测结果比较符合实际特征。本研究表明将大数据机器学习随机森林算法引入表层土壤地球化学元素含量空间定量预测具有可行性,可进一步拓展土地质量地球化学数据的服务应用维度。     

新疆博格达山晚古生代地层的形成时代、物源及其演化:碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据

新疆博格达山主体由石炭系海相火山一沉积岩系组成,以发育两期双峰式火山岩,但不发育花岗岩为特征,对其晚古生代地层时代的划分和演化争议较大。本文重点对博格达山北部两个晚古生代砂岩进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析,重新标定博格达山地区晚古生代地层的形成时代;利用物源区的演化,约束晚古生代构造演化。测年结果显示博格达上亚群砂岩的碎屑锆石表面年龄值分布范围较宽,主峰年龄为343~284 Ma(80%),次峰年龄为386~375 Ma(3%)、503~441Ma(7%)和871~735 Ma(10%);芦草沟组砂岩的碎屑锆石表面年龄值非常集中,主峰年龄为358~279 Ma(97%),次峰年龄为257~251 Ma(约3%)。博格达山中部原石炭纪博格达群上亚群与西部和南部下芨芨槽群相当,应属于早二叠世,中部一东部的石炭一二叠纪界线应在博格达下亚群一上亚群或居里得能组一沙雷塞尔克组之间的不整合面之中。博格达北部地区晚二叠世以南侧天山物源区供给为主,反映出晚古生代期间博格达山地区至少存在晚石炭世末和中二叠世两期构造隆升。结合区域火山岩与火山碎屑岩的研究,认为博格达山地区晚古生代主要经历4个演化阶段:早石炭世弧后盆地裂解阶段、晚石炭世碰撞拼贴阶段、早二叠世碰撞后伸展阶段、中-晚二叠世再次隆升到稳定阶段。     

Improved Geometric Model of Extensional Fault–bend Folding

Extensional fault–bend folds, also called rollovers, are one of the most common structures in extensional settings. Numerous studies have shown that oblique simple shear is the most appropriate mechanism for quantitative modeling of geometric relations between normal faults and the strata in their hanging walls. However, the oblique simple shear has a rather serious issue derived from the shear direction, particularly above convex bends. We use geometric and experimental methods to study the deformation of extensional fault–bend folds on convex bends. The results indicate that whether the fault bends are concave or convex, the shear direction of the hanging wall dips toward the main fault. On this basis, we improve the previous geometric model by changing the shear direction above the convex bends. To illustrate basin history, our model highlights the importance of the outer limit of folding instead of the growth axial. Moreover, we propose a new expression for the expansion index that is applicable to the condition of no deposition on the footwall. This model is validated by modeling a natural structure of the East China Sea Basin.     

1953～2017年黄河源区气温变化的多尺度特征

基于黄河源区8个站点的年平均气温序列,利用集合经验模态分解（Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD）方法,揭示了以玛多站为代表的黄河源区1953~2017年气温演变的多时间尺度特征,探讨不同时间尺度上的周期振荡对气温变化总体特征的影响程度,分析了黄河源区不同时间尺度的气温变化与海温指数,尤其是与北大西洋多年代际振荡（Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO）间的关系。结果表明:（1）1953年以来黄河源区玛多站年平均气温以0.31 ℃/10 a的变化率表现为明显的增暖趋势,20世纪80年代后期开始转暖,尤其是进入20世纪90年代后期变暖更加明显。（2）1953~2017年,黄河源区年平均气温呈现3 a、6 a、11 a、25 a、64 a及65 a以上时间尺度的准周期变化,其中以准3 a和65 a以上时间尺度的振荡最显著,准3 a的年际振荡在21世纪以前振幅较大,而进入21世纪后年际振荡振幅减弱,65 a以上时间尺度的年代际振荡振幅明显加大。（3）1998年气候显著变暖以前,以准3 a周期为代表的年际振荡在气温演变过程中占据主导地位,1998年气候显著变暖以后,65 a以上时间尺度周期振荡的贡献率增加近5倍,与准3 a周期振荡的贡献相当。（4）气温与Nino3.4指数和PDO（Pacific Decadal Oscillation）指数的同期相关均不显著,但当气温领先PDO指数22 a时正相关最大且显著,不同于PDO指数,气温原始序列及其3个年代际尺度分量滞后AMO指数3~7 a或二者同期时相关性最高,这就意味着AMO对黄河源区气温具有显著影响。（5）AMO的正暖位相对应着包括中国的整个东亚地区偏暖,黄河源区只是受影响区域的一部分,20世纪60年代至90年代初期AMO的负冷位相期、20世纪90年代中后期至今AMO的正暖位相与黄河源区气温距平序列的负距平、正距平相对应,气温在65 a以上时间尺度的变化与AMO指数相关性更高,可见,AMO是影响黄河源区气温变化的一个重要的气候振荡,这种影响主要表现在年代际时间尺度上。