基于岩石变形声发射实验结果讨论岩石失稳的可预测性

根据室内岩石变形声发射实验结果,计算了声发射序列的地震非均匀度GL值,并以此探讨了岩石破裂失稳的可预测性。在双轴压缩、等速率加载条件下,含障碍体断层、挤压雁列断层和Ⅲ型剪切断层等非连续岩石标本在临近滑动失稳前,声发射活动均出现了显著的均匀—非均匀的状态变化,表现为GL值出现持续大于1的异常变化,GL值异常的位置与破裂成核部位相重合,并与断层走向一致;改变统计窗长、窗内分割数及能级统计下限计算声发射序列的GL值,结果表明,GL值计算结果具有一定的稳定性。综合分析认为,地震非均匀度(GL值)可以较好地刻画岩石失稳前夕因破裂成核导致的声发射活动在时间分布上的状态变化,GL值持续异常是岩石失稳的显著性标志,对预测岩石失稳具有较好的指示意义。     

Comparison between earthquake magni-tudes determined by China seismograph network and US seismograph network (II): Surface wave magnitude

Introduction Earthquake magnitude is the most common measure of an earthquake′s size,and is one of the basic parameters of an earthquake.There are three most familiar scales of earthquake magnitude:ML(local earthquake magnitude),MS(surface wave magnitude)and mB/mb(body wave magni-tude).Richter(1935)introduced ML when studying earthquakes in Southern California.In1945,Gutenberg(1945a)put forward surface wave magnitude scale to determine earthquake magnitude(MS)using surface waves(20s)of s…     

印尼8.7级巨震后云南地震活动的频度变化

0引言 2004年12月26日在印尼苏门答腊西北近海发生了8．7级巨震，3月29日在距8．7级地震破裂区东南160km又发生了一次8．5级地震。8．7级地震发生后，余震向震中以北扩展达千米以上。如此剧烈的能量释放，对我国的地震活动有何影响是令人关注的，但清晰解答这个问题并非易事，主要原因是，一个地区的大地震发生后如何影响另一个地区地震活动的机制目前我们并不清楚。这个机制可能很复杂，涉及到应力在地壳和地幔内的传播、积累，以及与地质构造等的关系。因此，仅从时间尺度上判定一个地区的大地震对另一个地区地震活动是否有影响在认识上就存在分歧。例如，是一个地区的大地震发生后的波动在传播到另一个地区时直接触发的地震活动才被看作是影响？还是由于一个地区的大地震发生后的应力释放和调整影响到另一个地区的地震活动才被看作是影响？显然，这两方面的影响在时间尺度上存在差异。8．7级地震发生后不到20分钟，在我国云南的宾川发生了4．6级地震，其发震时间也是8．7级地震的面波到达该地区的时间（李刚等，2005）；     

地震安全性评价数据的集中管理

本文分析了目前地震安全性评价数据管理的现状和数据集中管理的优势,提出了实现集中管理地震安全性评价数据的技术,以及数据安全防护措施。     

气象因子对金花梨生长发育的影响

通过试验研究,探讨主要气象因子在唐河县的变化规律和对金花梨生长发育的影响,研究金花梨在遭受灾害性天气影响时,采取相应的技术措施,确保金花梨的高产、稳产。     

水基钻井液在陕北石油钻井中的应用

针对陕北地层特征的差异性,在分析、研究陕北靖边、甘泉、安塞、延长油区等地区100多口直井和定向丛式井的基础上,总结出一套适应该地层特征的低固相(固相含量≤8%)及无固相水基钻井液配方:在施工直井时,配制低固相水基钻井液;在施工定向丛式井时,配制无固相水基钻井液。在陕北石油钻井施工中,根据地层差异性配制的水基钻井液,解决了因地层原因引起的缩径、粘钻、坍塌和掉块等常见的钻进难题,避免了起下钻拉活塞现象和粘钻、卡钻、埋钻事故,提高了平均机械钻速和钻月效率。     

高密度电阻率法在风化岩地基勘察中的应用

由于风化岩场地具有风化不均匀之特点,《岩土工程勘察规范》(GB 50021—2001)对这类场地的岩土工程勘察的布孔间距具有严格规定,使得这类场地的勘察工作量往往很大。分析了高密度电阻率法在这类场地中使用的可行性和必要性,结合阿尔及利亚某炼油厂岩土工程勘察的实例,剖析了高密度电阻率法对大面积风化岩地基勘察方案设计的优化。     

对新型螺杆灌注桩的受力特征与破坏性状的探讨

螺杆灌注桩是一种承载力高、造价低、施工方便、无环境污染的新桩型。根据螺杆桩的静荷载试验资料,深入分析了螺杆桩竖向荷载的传递机理,探讨了螺杆桩的受力特征和破坏性状,为今后螺杆桩的设计和施工提供可靠的依据。     

Hurricanes Ivan, Jeanne, Karl (2004) and mid-latitude trough interactions

Summary Singular vectors (SVs) constructed from the adjoint model of the U.S. Naval Operational Global Atmosphere Prediction System (NOGAPS) for three Atlantic hurricanes in 2004, Ivan, Jeanne and Karl, are examined to understand interactions between them and a mid-latitude trough system. By optimizing the perturbation energy localized in a small region centered at the 48-hour projected position of a tropical cyclone, the initial time singular vector represents the sensitive region to the final state within the specified region for a specified optimization period. For hurricane Ivan, the SV analysis reveals the merging of a shortwave mid-latitude trough and Ivan to form a new trough system. This new trough system impacted the evolution of hurricane Jeanne in subsequent time through the upstream flow of the trough that moved toward Jeanne. This is consistent with previous studies on the sensitivity of tropical cyclone prediction using SV diagnostics. The SV associated with Jeanne at later stage shows that Jeanne influenced the third hurricane Karl through the trough system as Karl went through extratropical transition and became part of the trough. This effect is magnified when the SV is computed using the moist adjoint system containing large scale precipitation. Detailed diagnostics of the SVs for individual components at different levels show that the sensitivity associated with the trough is very similar for those optimized for Jeanne and Karl, respectively, thus providing evidence that the mid-latitude trough impacted Jeanne and Karl at the same time. This study demonstrates the capability of singular vector in diagnosing complicated interactions among a mid-latitude trough and three co-existing tropical cyclones.     

Trophic Assessment in Chinese coastal systems-review of methods and application to the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay

Coastal eutrophication has become one of the main threats to Chinese coastal areas during the last two decades. High nutrient loads from human activities have modified the natural background water quality in coastal water bodies, resulting in a range of undesirable effects. There is a need to assess the eutrophic level in coastal systems and to identify the extent of this impact to guide development of appropriate management efforts. Traditional Chinese assessment methods are discussed and compared with other currently-used methods, such as the Oslo-Paris Convention for the Protection of the North Sea (OSPAR) Comprehensive Procedure and Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS). The ASSETS method and two Chinese methods were tested on two Chinese systems: the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay. ASSETS is process based, and uses a pressure-state-response model based on three main indices: Influencing Factors, Overall Eutrophic Condition, and Future Outlook. The traditional methods are based on a nutrient index. ASSETS was successfully applied to both systems, classifying the Changjiang Estuary as Bad (high eutrophication) and Jiaozhou Bay as High (low eutrophication). The traditional methods led to ambiguous results, particularly for Jiaozhou Bay, due to the high spatial variability of data and a failure to assess the role of shellfish aquaculture in nutrient control. An overview of the Chinese coastal zone identifies 50 estuaries and bays that should form part of a national assessment. A comparison of methods and results suggests that ASSETS is a promising tool for evaluating the eutrophication status of these systems.