Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s简

Land-use/land-cover changes （LUCCs） have links to both human and nature inter- actions. China＇s Land-Use/cover Datasets （CLUDs） were updated regularly at 5-year inter- vals from the late 1980s to 2010, with standard procedures based on Landsat TM／ETM＋ im- ages. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics, differences, and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as fol- lows. Land-use changes （LUCs） across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years （1990-2010）. The area of cropland change de- creased in the south and increased in the north, but the total area remained almost un- changed. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly, were mainly distributed in the east, and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first, and then increased, but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included （1） an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the southeastern coastal areas, the midstream area of the Yangtze River, and the Sichuan Basin; （2） shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China; （3） continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields; and （4） effective- ness of the ＂Grain for Green＂ project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau, and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades, although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland, policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century, the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use pat- terns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation. The ＂dynamic regionalization method＂ was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries, the internal characteristics of zones, and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed ＂the pattern of the change process,＂ namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning, variations in unit boundaries, and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the ＂pattern＂ and ＂process＂ of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

An in-situ analysis and measurement of thorium-234, uranium isotopes in seawater

A low-level β counting-α spectrum apparatus used for the detection of the β radiation of thorium-234 and α spectrum of thorium-228 simultaneously and an easy operating procedure for the enrichment, radiochemical separating, sampling and measurement of thorium-234 and uranium-238 in the ocean are developed based on the requirements of analyzing export productivity in the euphotic zone via thorium-234-uranium-238 radioactivity disequilibrium. The detecting efficiency both of β and α radiation is higher than 20%. The background of β radiation is less than 0.5 min-1, and the energy resolution of α detector is better than 1%. Total recycle ratio of thorium-234 is about 75%. Using the above apparatus and procedure, the radioactivities of dissolved thorium-234 and uranium-238, particle thorium-234 and uranium-238 in seawater of the South China Sea, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean were analyzed.     

新疆阿勒泰地区变质岩中微古植物群的发现及其地质意义

阿勒泰地区变质岩很发育,而且厚度巨大,属于地槽型浅海复理石沉积.由于变质岩地层缺少生物化石,地质学者对其划分及对比有不同的认识.笔者(1987)在阿勒泰地区研究地层古生物时,从黑山头—喀纳斯湖、锡伯渡—库鲁木提及北塔山—青河地区的29个剖面采集了216个微生物样品,其中15个剖面含震旦纪的微古植物群,1个剖面含晚奥陶世—早志留世的微古植物群,这些古植物的发现对查清这些变质岩岩层的时代及地层划分、对比将起重要的作用.     

Structure Styles of Mesozoic-Cenozoic U-bearing Rock Series in Northern China

In Northern China, sandstone-type uranium (U) deposits are mostly developed in Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins. These U deposits are usually hosted in unvarying horizons within the basins and exhibit typical U-forming sedimentary associations, which is referred to as U-bearing rock series. This study describes the structural features of U-bearing rock series within the main Mesozoic-Cenozoic U-producing continental basins in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Russia in the western segment of the Central Asian Metallogenic Belt (CAMB), and Northern China in the eastern segment of the CAMB. We analyze the basic structural conditions and sedimentary environments of U-bearing rock series in Northern China and classify their structural styles in typical basins into river valley, basin margin, and intrabasin uplift margin types. The intrabasin uplift margin structural style proposed in this study can be used to indicate directions for the exploration of sandstone-type U deposits hosted in the center of a basin. At the same time, the study of structural style provides a new idea for exploring sandstone-type U deposits in Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins and it is of great significance to prospecting of sandstone-type uranium deposits.     

三维大地电磁测深在库车坳陷库车组岩性判别中的应用

三维大地电磁测深(MT)资料用于沉积相分布的研究中,弥补了野外露头、测井和地震等传统识别和研究方法的不足.通过对三维MT资料进行去噪、编辑与平滑和静态位移校正等预处理和三维反演处理,使三维MT数据更加准确地反映研究地区岩石的电阻率.在野外露头观察和测井解释成果的基础上,利用岩芯或岩屑对电阻率进行标定,界定出库车组不同岩性的电阻率值范围,然后将三维MT剖面与相对应的地震剖面叠合,进行电震同平台解释,建立构造样式,最终在建立的地层格架内对沉积相分布特征进行精细的识别和研究,该方法在库车坳陷库车组沉积相识别及分布研究中取得了良好的应用效果,解决了井间相带变化和地震相特征不明显带来的研究困难,对研究沉积相带分布和沉积相演化等基础石油地质研究具有重大的意义.     

Settlement mechanism of piled-raft foundation due to cyclic train loads and its countermeasure

In this paper, numerical simulation with soil-water coupling finite element-finite difference (FE-FD) analysis is conducted to investigate the settlement and the excess pore water pressure (EPWP) of a piled-raft foundation due to cyclic high-speed (speed: 300km/h) train loading. To demonstrate the performance of this numerical simulation, the settlement and EPWP in the ground under the train loading within one month was calculated and confirmed by monitoring data, which shows that the change of the settlement and EPWP can be simulated well on the whole. In order to ensure the safety of train operation, countermeasure by the fracturing grouting is proposed. Two cases are analyzed, namely, grouting in No-4 softest layer and No-9 pile bearing layer respectively. It is found that fracturing grouting in the pile bearing layer (No-9 layer) has better effect on reducing the settlement.     

豫西金矿田构造研究现状与展望

豫西金矿为国内外地质界所瞩目，金矿田构造研究的理论、方法和手段达到了国内外先进水平。其研究的基本内容包括构造层控矿特征、控矿构造类型、控矿构造体系和构造分带性、控矿构造发展阶段、成矿热液圈闭条件、矿液流向及导矿构造的研究等。其研究方法包括传统地质构造、地球物理、构造地球化学、航片遥感解译、数学地质和电算技术等方法。其发展趋势是矿田构造研究的新理论、新方法、新技术手段将得到广泛应用，由单一矿床（田）构造研究发展到更大区域内构造体系的研究，构造控矿因素与其他控矿因素相结合进行综合研究，控矿构造类型的研究将有所突破，基础地质构造研究将永远占主导地位，矿田构造研究的成果将被广泛应用于找矿工作。     

初论胶北隆起地壳伸展作用

晚元古宙，胶北隆起在造山运动后期开始发生ＮＷ（Ｗ）→ＳＥ（Ｅ）方向的地壳伸展作用，突出表现于前寒武纪结晶基底内部，持续时间很长久（自晚元古宙开始，断续到中生代印支—燕山期），具有改造期伸展作用特点，区域构造处于十分激化的状态，导致褶皱变形及大规模花岗质岩浆侵位     

德国GSS-2型海洋重力仪更新性改造

本文简述了我国引进的德国海洋重力仪器现状，介绍了一种新研制成功的与GSS－2型海洋重力仪探头适配的数字检测控制装置和具当代先进水平的计算机虚拟仪表终端系统，并给出了GSS－2型海洋重力仪更新性改造后的测量应用结果。     

轨道高低不平顺谱分析

基于国内外轨道高低不平顺功率谱密度拟合函数,通过编程数值计算分别对比研究了普通线路谱和高速线路谱对行车平稳舒适性、安全性、轮轨动力效应的影响.结果表明,铁科院干线谱和原长沙铁道学院谱激励下列车的平稳舒适性略优于美国六级谱,而前者的轮轨动力效应介于美国六级谱和美国五级谱之间,后者则与美国六级谱相当;时速120 km等级普通线路谱和时速160 km等级提速线路谱引起的列车行驶平稳性介于美国五级谱和六级谱之间,轮轨动力效应与美国六级谱较一致;铁科院郑武线高速谱和时速200 km等级提速线路谱引起的列车平稳舒适性介于德国高干扰谱和低干扰谱之间,而前者引起的轮轨力大于德国轨道谱,后者则与德国低干扰谱相当.同时采用三角级法给出各轨道谱的时域样本,作为车辆-轨道垂向耦合动力分析模型的轮轨激励输入,仿真计算了青藏客车YZ25T在普通轨道谱激扰下以时速90 km/h行驶和高速轨道谱激励下以时速200 km/h行驶时的轮轨竖向作用力,较好地验证了基于轨道谱密度函数的轮轨力效应分析结果.研究成果可为列车行驶振动反应分析中轮-轨不平顺激励谱的选择提供参考.