A review of colloid transport in fractured rocks

Recent recognition of colloid and colloidassociated transport of strongly sorbing contaminants in fractured rocks highlights the importance of exploring the transport behavior of colloids under conditions prevailing in the field.The rapid transport of colloids through fractured rocks-as affected by the hydraulic properties of the flow system,the properties of fracture surface and the geochemical conditionshas not been sufficiently elucidated,and predictions of colloid transport through fractures have encountered difficulties,particularly at the field scale.This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanisms and modeling of colloid transport and retention in fractured rocks.Commonly used experimental techniques and approaches for conducting colloid transport experiments at different scales,ranging from the laboratory to the field scale,are summarized and commented upon.The importance of various interactions(e.g.,dissolution,colloid deposition,generation,mobilization and deposition of filling materials within fractures) between the flowing solution and the fracture walls(in many cases,with skin or coating on the host rock at the liquid-solid interface) has been stressed.Colloid transport through fractures of high heterogeneity has not yet been well understood and modeled at the field scale.Here,we summarize the current knowledge and understanding accumulated in the last two decades in regard to colloid and colloidassociated transport through fractures.Future research needs are also discussed.     

FY-3A中分辨率光谱成像仪图像地理定位方法

风云三号A星 (FY-3A) 中分辨率光谱成像仪 (MERSI) 采用45°镜旋转扫描,形成垂直于卫星飞行轨迹的360°连续圆周扫描方式,多元探测器并扫的技术。该研究依据这种扫描特性,给出了适用于FY-3A MERSI遥感图像地理定位的方法;定义了完善的坐标系及坐标系转换关系,根据MERSI观测几何、卫星空间位置和姿态、仪器空间位置和指向建立了探测器像元观测矢量与地面位置之间关系的模型;通过地形校正消除地形起伏带来的定位误差;在FY-3A地面应用系统中业务运行的同时,通过一定数量的地面控制点分析,将定位误差等效为遥感仪器安装误差,修正了MERSI的仪器指向角度。实验结果表明,使用该方法对MERSI遥感图像地理定位精度达到250 m像元级,满足MERSI图像的高精度定位要求。     

近50年长江中下游地区夏季气温变化与环流异常

Using the daily data of temperature from China Meteorological Administration and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis from 1960 to 2005, we have analyzed the relationships between the summertime high/low temperature events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) and the related circulation anomalies in the Eastern Hemisphere. Our results have demonstrated that a significantly increasing trend is observed in daily minimum temperature in the past 50 years. And in some regions in the Northern Hemisphere, the opposite scenarios are observed in circulation anomalies in lower and upper parts of the troposphere in the years when the temperatures are higher than normal, as compared to those in the years when the temperatures are lower than normal in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR). Additionally, the anomalous circulation structure in vertical direction in both the high and lower temperature years are barotropic. It is found that the emergence and maintenance of the aforementioned anomalous circulations are related to three kinds of wave train teleconnection patterns. Further more, influences of the long wave surface radiation on the air temperature are stronger in the nighttime than that in the daytime. While both the maximum and minimum temperatures have negative relationships with the sensible heat flux but positive relationships with the latent heat flux. To some extent, the anomalous dynamic heating (cooling) caused by the vertical thermal advection as well as the diabatic heating (cooling) caused by diabatic processes can explain the formation of the high (low) temperature events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in boreal summer.     

四川盆地西北地区构造变形特征、演化及油气地质意义

近年来川西北山前坳陷地区中二叠统天然气勘探取得重大突破,激发了勘探工作者向更大区域和更多层系探索的愿望。为了给下一步油气勘探提供依据与参考,本文系统讨论了川西北南华纪以来的盆地性质、构造—沉积格局及油气成藏条件。川西北经历了南华纪—早古生代、晚古生代—三叠纪、侏罗纪—新生代3大演化阶段,现今构造格局受燕山期龙门山、米仓山造山带以及向盆地逆冲推覆形成的冲断系统控制。其中龙门山北段冲断系统总体表现为由造山带向盆地方向扩展的“前列式”构造变形,在盆山结合位置,深部构造楔向造山带方向消减了大部分位移,造成前渊坳陷部位构造变形急剧减弱。川西北燕山期前陆盆地之下保存了南华纪—中奥陶世和泥盆纪—中三叠世两期完整、连续的裂陷层序与被动大陆边缘层序,具有优越的油气成藏条件。中⁃晚侏罗世—早白垩世龙门山与米仓山急剧隆升并向盆地大规模推覆,造成前渊坳陷内的海相层系急速埋藏增温,进入成藏高峰。由于山前冲断带自中⁃晚侏罗世（～160 Ma）以来处于抬升和剥蚀状态,而前渊坳陷始终处于埋藏状态,油气保存条件要优于山前冲断带,因此是深层—超深层油气勘探的重点地区。

     

气象旅游资源评估方法与应用研究

在对国内气象旅游资源评估方法分析研究的基础上,从气象旅游资源相关因素中,筛选出了7个指标,创建了气象旅游资源评估指标体系,提出了评估方法。计算每个评估指标的实际数值并进行标准化处理。采用专家咨询和层次分析法相结合的方法对评估指标体系中的每一级指标赋予相应的权重,最终构建出气象旅游资源评估模型。在实例研究中,以大连为例,选取葫芦岛、东港、鞍山和岫岩等4个城市为对照,结合多年的气候统计数据,分别计算5个城市的气象旅游资源评估指数,并进行横向对比分析,找出各城市气象旅游资源的优势和不足。     

An efficient data organization and scheduling strategy for accelerating large vector data rendering

Rendering large volumes of vector data is computationally intensive and therefore time consuming, leading to lower efficiency and poorer interactive experience. Graphics processing units (GPUs) are powerful tools in data parallel processing but lie idle most of the time. In this study, we propose an approach to improve the performance of vector data rendering by using the parallel computing capability of many‐core GPUs. Vertex transformation, largely a mathematical calculation that does not require communication with the host storage device, is a time‐consuming procedure because all coordinates of each vector feature need to be transformed to screen vertices. Use of a GPU enables optimization of a general‐purpose mathematical calculation, enabling the procedure to be executed in parallel on a many‐core GPU and optimized effectively. This study mainly focuses on: (1) an organization and storage strategy for vector data based on equal pitch alignment, which can adapt to the GPU's calculating characteristics; (2) a paging‐coalescing transfer and memory access strategy for vector data between the CPU and the GPU; and (3) a balancing allocation strategy to take full advantage of all processing cores of the GPU. Experimental results demonstrate that the approach proposed can significantly improve the efficiency of vector data rendering.     

广东两次特大暴雨成因的诊断对比

利用气象站常规观测资料、NCEP每日4次再分析等资料,对发生在粤西地区的两次特大暴雨进行综合对比诊断分析,试图为特大暴雨的预报提供一定的依据。结果表明:这两次特大暴雨均是在有利的大尺度环流背景下,在充分的水汽、较强的上升运动、不稳定的大气层结等条件下产生的。暴雨落区和水汽通量散度负大值区、850hPaθse的高值区、θse等值线密集区、螺旋度大值区、垂直速度最大区中心的走向、落区基本一致,暴雨的强度和各物理量值亦有较好的对应关系。     

新疆三大山区可降水量时空分布特征

利用美国宇航局(NASA)发布的2003年1月～2015年12月的AIRS Standard Physical Retrieval Edition 6. 0中的level2的反演数据,对新疆及其周边地区——特别是三大山区近13 a的可降水量的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,从空间分布看,可降水量高值区主要集中在盆地地区,尤其在塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地及吐鲁番盆地。低值区主要分布在新疆南部的昆仑山脉和北部的阿尔泰山脉。最高值达14. 74 mm,最低值达1. 92 mm;新疆及其周边地区可降水量所有格点13a平均值来看,总体上,夏季最高,冬季最低。从时间分布看,对新疆及其周边地区、天山、昆仑山和阿尔泰山4个研究区域分别进行区域平均,发现以上4个区域年变化呈单峰型,从1～7月的可降水量逐渐增加,8～12月份的可降水量逐月减少;可降水量的整体年际变化趋势是一致的,2003—2010年呈上升趋势,2010—2015年呈下降趋势。     

大型水库分层期和混合期溶存温室气体空间变化及排放通量

水库作为温室气体的重要来源,对区域气候变化有不可忽略的影响。然而,目前对水库溶存温室气体的空间异质性及垂向特征的认知仍然欠缺。为了揭示水库分层期和混合期溶存温室气体空间特征及排放通量,也为厘清水库温室气体产生和排放的关键过程提供重要支撑。研究选择东北地区大型水库——汤河水库为对象,于2021年7—9月和10月(分别代表水库分层期和混合期)对水库不同位置(坝前、库中和库尾)开展溶存温室气体垂向分层监测。研究结果显示,水库CH₄排放通量变化范围为0.018～0.174 mmol/(m²·d),是大气CH₄的源,空间分布为库尾>库中>坝前;CO₂通量为-4.91～58.77 mmol/(m²·d),除分层期东支库尾,其余点位均表现为大气CO₂的源,空间分布为坝前>库中>库尾。时间上,分层期CH₄排放通量(0.071±0.044 mmol/(m²·d))高于混合期((0.027±0.008) mm...     

Promotive effects of alginate-derived oligosaccharides on the inducing drought resistance of tomato

In order to determine the role of alginate-derived oligosaccharides (ADO) in drought stress resistance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) seedlings, the leaves were exposed to different concentrations of ADO (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.30% and 0.50%) after drought stress was simulated by exposing the roots to 0.6 molL⁻¹ PEG-6000 solution for 6 h. Changes in biomass, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA), free proline, total soluble sugars (TSS) and abscisic acid (ABA), the enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were measured to investigate the effects of ADO treatment. The results showed that the treatment with an ADO concentration of 0.20% exhibited the highest performance of drought stress resistance in the tomato seedlings by decreasing the electrolyte leakage and the concentration of MDA, increasing the contents of free proline, TSS and ABA, and increasing the activities of CAT, SOD, POD and PAL after treatment with ADO. It is suggested that changes in electrolyte leakage, MDA, osmotic solutes, ABA, anti-oxidative enzyme and PAL activities were responsible for the increased drought stress resistance in tomato seedlings. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of the effect of ADO treatment on enhancing the drought stress resistance of tomato seedlings.