沙尘暴对天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川环境的影响

基于沙尘暴发生前后在天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川末端采集的7个大气气溶胶样品和在水文断面采集的9个融水径流样品,探讨了沙尘暴事件对天山冰川区大气环境和水环境的影响。结果表明,Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-是青冰滩72号冰川大气和融水径流的主要离子,当沙尘暴发生时,这两种介质中的离子浓度显著升高,而且升高存在同时性。由于影响因素不同,浓度随时间变化的趋势不同,大气环境对沙尘事件的响应能力强,水环境则对温度变化的响应能力更强。通过相关性分析和主成分分析认为,青冰滩72号冰川大气中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-主要以自然源为主;NO₃^-和NH₄⁺则以人为源为主。轨迹分析发现,由源于东欧、西伯利亚经中亚南下的冷气团引发的大风降温天气以及区域沙尘暴对冰川区环境有显著影响。     

土柱变密度溶质运移试验推求水平及垂直方向弥散度研究

基于溶质运移对流弥散理论的变密度海水入侵模型广泛用于海水入侵研究,而水动力弥散系数是影响模型模拟效果的关键性参量之一。利用传统土柱溶质运移试验结合旁侧抽水,采用数值反演法成功获取了水平及垂直两方向弥散度。相对于传统方法,在不增加试验复杂度的前提下,同时推求了不同方向的弥散度,提高了试验效率,节约了试验成本,可广泛用于测定水动力弥散系数等参数。     

Calcareous nannofossil changes linked to climate deterioration during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in Tarim Basin,NW China

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM) event was a dramatic global warming w55.93 Ma ago that resulted in biological extinction events, lithological changes, and major deviations in σ13 C and σ18 O.The southwestern Tarim Basin of China exposes successive Paleogene strata as a result of Tethys evolution and is considered an ideal region for PETM research.Based on calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy, we also used stable isotopes and XRD to analyse the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the Tarim Basin. At the Bashibulake Section, the PETM interval is characterized by(1) an abrupt negative shifts in σ13 C_(org), σ13 C_(carb) and σ18 O(-3%, -4.5% and -3%respectively);(2) an obvious negative correlation between the K-mode(Discoaster, Fasciculithus, Ericsonia, Sphenolithus and Rhomboaster) and r-mode(Biscutum, Chiasmolithus, Toweius) nannofossil taxa coincident with a robust Rhomboaster-Discoaster assemblage; and(3) a significant increase in the percentage of detrital input along with an increase in gypsum content. In the upper part of the Qimugen Formation Micrantholithus and Braarudosphaera are commonly found right up to the top where most of the nannofloras suffer a sharp decrease. In the overlying Gaijitage Formation, calcareous nannofossils disappear completely. These events indicate that the southwestern Tarim Basin was a warm shallow continental shelf during the deposition of the Qimugen Formation. From the early Eocene, the environment changed conspicuously. Evaporation increased and sea level fell, which led to an acid climate.This climate mode continued within the youngest unit studied, the Gaijitage Formation, characterized by the deposition of thick evaporates. Consequently, most of the marine plankton, i.e. calcareous nannoplankton, became disappear, because of the significant climate shift.     

A new method for measurement of air change rate based on indoor PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> removal

Outdoor PM_2.5 easily flows into indoor and seriously influences indoor air quality due to its characteristics of flow, diffusion and penetration. It is a proper ‘gas’ tracer similar to CO₂ to study building ventilation. Therefore, in this paper, a model for calculating air change rates by removing indoor PM_2.5 was deduced. Also, some factors influencing the air change rate were qualitatively analyzed and the expression of possible air change rate error was given. The comparison between the results from PM_2.5 removal method and the data from CO₂ decay method validated the model. The relative error between the results of the two methods is less than 10%. On the basis of validating the model, this paper presented the research of air change rates in ten naturally ventilated house rooms in three Chinese cities. It is found that the rooms with the ventilation rates of 1.15–6.75 m³/h/person have inadequate ventilation.     

In-situ experimental research on water scouring of loess slopes

Frequent occurrence of landslides in the Chinese Loess Plateau has been influenced by the changes of water conditions. This paper, based on in-situ water scouring experiments under various slope gradients, cross-sectional discharge shapes and flow quantities, analyzed the rill flow information characteristics on a loess slope and its driving factors for anti-scourability of the loess stratum. The results show that the critical erosion slope gradient for the loess stratum (Q₃) is about 24° and the mean erosion rate under half-round cross-sectional discharge is smaller than that under rectangular discharge. The relationship between flow quantity and mean erosion rate is linear and is positively correlated. Mechanical subsurface erosion was the primary condition responsible for water scouring on loess slopes because of stronger runoff channels such as vertical joints and large amounts of macro void caused by plants and animals. Loess anti-scourability is a significant issue to advance the research for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in different types of sand dune in the Mu Us Sandy Land,adjacent to north of Chinese Loess Plateau

The distribution of soil moisture in arid and semiarid regions is a major environmental factor and is regulated by regional topography, vegetation and soil texture. Here, we present the results of a study of the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in the Mu Us Sandy Land, which is the transitional area between the northwestern deserts and the Chinese Loess Plateau, in North China. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m in 52 different microtopographic positions on different types of dune (bare dunes, shrub-covered dunes and tree-covered dunes). The sites were located in the northwestern margin, the central region and the southeastern margin. All samples were analyzed for moisture content and grain size distribution. The results show that: (1) for the same type of dune, the soil moisture content varies in different microtopographic positions. The soil moisture content on windward slopes is greater than on leeward slopes in the shrub-covered dunes and the tree-covered dunes, while this is the case in only some of the bare migratory sand dunes. In addition, the soil moisture content on leeward slopes is greater than on the corresponding windward slope. (2) The vegetation type and density have a large influence on the moisture content of sandy soils; specifically, the presence of shrubs and trees significantly affects the soil moisture content of windward and leeward slopes and the inter-dune lowland. (3) Soil moisture content is positively correlated with the clay and silt content of sandy soils. From northwest to southeast across the Mu Us Sandy Land, the silt and clay content increases gradually; however, in the case of dunes covered with planted trees, a peak in the content of fine-grained material occurs in the central region, while for shrub-covered sand dunes, the peak occurs in the southeastern margin. In addition, the correlation between soil moisture and soil grain size distribution of the three types of dunes varies from northwest to southeast. (4) The proportion of fine-grained material and the correlation between the content of fine-grained material and soil moisture are the two main factors influencing the soil moisture distribution of the different types of dune. A soil moisture concentration index can be used as a rough indicator of the distribution characteristics of soil moisture.     

赣南宁都地区变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床地球化学特征及找矿意义

赣南浅变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床是江西省近些年来新发现的稀土矿类型。文章主要研究赣南地区新元古代青白口纪库里组和神山组浅变质岩稀土矿点,通过野外地质调查和室内综合研究,总结了该类稀土矿床的地球化学特征。结果表明:该区浅变质岩以SiO₂含量中等、K₂O/Na₂O值较高、全碱含量中等、TFe₂O₃+MgO及CaO较低为特点; 稀土元素总量较高,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,轻稀土富集,Eu中等亏损,部分矿点已达到化学风化晚期阶段; 各矿点风化壳的稀土元素配分模式与原岩类似,稀土元素富集程度主要受控于原岩稀土元素丰度和风化指数CIA。     

基于面向对象的海水养殖模式遥感提取研究

不同海水养殖模式用地面积的获取是海水养殖区域进行合理规划、长期稳定发展的基础性工作之一。本文以广东省柘林湾海水养殖区为实验区,采用面向对象遥感分类方法实现了对3种海水养殖模式的分类提取,研究结果表明:面向对象的海水养殖模式遥感分类结果精度为83.87%,较监督分类提取精度提高了9.61%;此方法对塘埂的剔除效果较明显,且能有效对不同池塘养殖模式进行分类。     

1990–2010年中国耕地变化对粮食生产潜力的影响分析(英文)

The quantity and spatial pattern of farmland has changed in China, which has led to a major change in the production potential under the influence of the national project of ecological environmental protection and rapid economic growth during 1990–2010. In this study, the production potential in China was calculated based on meteorological, terrain elevation, soil and land-use data from 1990, 2000 and 2010 using the Global Agro-ecological Zones model. Then, changes in the production potential in response to farmland changes from 1990 to 2010 were subsequently analyzed. The main conclusions were the following. First, the total production potential was 1.055 billion tons in China in 2010. Moreover, the average production potential was 7614 kg/ha and showed tremendous heterogeneity in spatial pattern. Total production in eastern China was high, whereas that in northwestern China was low. The regions with high per unit production potential were mainly distributed over southern China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Second, the obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity in farmland changes from 1990 to 2010 had a significant influence on the production potential in China. The total production potential decreased in southern China and increased in northern China. Furthermore, the center of growth of the production potential moved gradually from northeastern China to northwestern China. The net decrease in the production potential was 2.97 million tons, which occupied 0.29% of the national total actual production in 2010. Third, obvious differences in the production potential in response to farmland changes from 1990 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2010 were detected. The net increase in the production potential during the first decade was 10.11 million tons and mainly distributed in the Northeast China Plain and the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. The net decrease in the production potential during the next decade was 13.08 million tons and primarily distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. In general, the reason for the increase in the production potential during the past two decades might be due to the reclamation of grasslands, woodlands and unused land, and the reason for the decrease in the production potential might be urbanization that occupied the farmland and Green for Grain Project, which returned farmland to forests and grasslands.     

内蒙古西部库布齐沙漠北缘沙漠化特征讨论

磴口—乌拉特前旗一带,库布齐沙漠北缘前锋带被黄河严格地限制在河道南岸,即向北弧形突出的河道基本上是库布齐沙漠西段的北部边界。库布齐沙漠自19 ka前开始发育,7 ka以来在出现了横贯东西的沙漠覆盖之后,其北缘一直在向北扩展。作者通过历史文献记录、遥感影像解译,结合沉积特征与地貌演变等相关资料的分析,认为库布齐沙漠北缘由南向北不断前行,迫使磴口—乌拉特前旗段最初近东西向延伸的黄河河道向北弧形突出,并导致库布齐沙漠北缘前锋带被严格地限制在黄河南岸展布。库布齐沙漠北缘的持续向北推进,将对位于黄河北岸的河套盆地内大片湿地及农田生态环境安全产生严重的威胁。