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171.
Evaluation of conservative lithogenic elements (Ti,Zr, Al,and Rb) to study anthropogenic element enrichments in lake sediments 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Xavier Boës J. Rydberg A. Martinez-Cortizas R. Bindler I. Renberg 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,46(1):75-87
In lake sediment investigations of heavy metal pollution history, it has become a common approach to calculate enrichment factors (EFs) by normalizing elemental distributions to a reference lithogenic element. However, this approach requires that the reference element remains stable once it has been deposited to the sediment (it is not affected by diagenetic processes). This is rarely studied in well-controlled field experiments. Here, we test the commonly used reference elements titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), and rubidium (Rb). We use a unique series of freeze cores collected in different years since 1979 in Lake Nylandssjön in northern Sweden. This lake has sediment with distinct varves (annually laminated deposit). Element concentrations in individual varves were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. By tracking the newly formed surface varve from different cores across this core series, i.e., following the element concentration in a specific varve as it becomes progressively aged, it was possible to assess the potential impact of diagenetic processes on geochemical signatures. Results confirm the conservative character of the studied elements; there was neither an increasing nor a decreasing concentration trend with time during sediment ageing for any of these elements. Secondly, we addressed the question ‘which of them is the most appropriate for EFs estimates with the aim of distinguishing anthropogenic from geogenic inputs, for example in pollution studies’. To assess the reliability of the EFs we used lead (Pb) as an example, because anthropogenic Pb in the sediment could be independently calculated using stable Pb isotopes. When anthropogenic Pb concentrations calculated with Pb-EFs were compared to the anthropogenic Pb concentrations derived from stable Pb isotopes, the differences found were 20% for Ti, 10% for Zr, 11% for Al, and 27% for Rb when upper continental crust concentrations were used for the background ratio. Based on the results from Nylandssjön our suggestions are that (1) when using EFs on a single core, which is the normal case in paleolimnology, multiple reference elements should be used together and (2) the results from those should be critically evaluated. 相似文献
172.
Jehin Emmanuel Boehnhardt Hermann Sekanina Zdenek Bonfils Xavier Schütz Oliver Beuzit Jean-Luc Billeres Malvina Garradd Gordon J. Leisy Pierre Marchis Franck Más Antonio Origlia Livia Scarpa Daniel Thomas Daniel Tozzi Gian Paolo 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2002,90(1-4):147-151
Comet C/2001 A2 experienced several splitting events duringits 2001 perihelion passage. The first break-upevent was observed
in March 2001 (IAUC 7616).In this paper we report the first results of ourextensive imaging and spectroscopic monitoring campaignwith
ESO telescopes over several weeks before andafter the perihelion passage on May 25 2001. 相似文献
173.
The acceleration of surface velocities observed over the last two decades on monitored rock glaciers worldwide is a widespread signal of the probable control of warming air temperatures on long-term permafrost creep. Yet, the actual consequences of this acceleration on sediment availability in high mountain catchments have never been properly estimated at the pluri-decadal scale. The present study evaluates the sediment transfer activity between five rock glaciers located in the western European Alps and the headwaters of the torrential channels they are respectively connected to. It reposes on the orthorectification of aerial images available generally from the 1960s to the mid-2010, to reconstruct time-series of (i) horizontal surface velocities and (ii) frontal erosion rates. Values of horizontal velocity are retrieved by tracking the displacement of boulders on the surface of rock glaciers between consecutive images while erosion rates affecting the fronts are calculated by combining these values of displacement with the geometry of the front (mean width and rock glacier thickness) derived from recent high-resolution digital elevation models. Results confirm the general acceleration of rock glaciers surface velocities since the 1970s and indicate that this accelerating trend is causing an increase in the erosion rates calculated at the front of most studied rock glaciers. In some cases and over specific periods however, the acceleration resulted in the advance of the whole landforms over their own sediments, leading to a comparatively low sediment export towards the torrents. 相似文献
174.
175.
Combining physical-based models and satellite images for the spatio-temporal assessment of soil infiltration capacity 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Daniele Pedretti Daniel Fern��ndez-Garcia Xavier Sanchez-Vila Marco Barahona-Palomo Diogo Bolster 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2011,25(8):1065-1075
The performance of managed artificial recharge (MAR) facilities by means of surface ponds (SP) is controlled by the temporal
evolution of the global infiltration capacity I
c
of topsoils. Cost-effective maintenance operations that aim to maintain controlled infiltration values during the activity
of the SP require the full knowledge of the spatio-temporal variability of I
c
. This task is deemed uncertain. The natural reduction in time of I
c
depends on complex physical, biological and chemical reactions that clog the soil pores and has been observed to decay exponentially
to an asymptotic non-zero value. Moreover, the relative influence of single clogging processes depend on some initial parameters
of the soil, such as the initial infiltration capacity (I
c,0). This property is also uncertain, as aquifers are typically heterogeneous and scarcely characterized in practical situations.
We suggest a method to obtain maps of I
c
using a geostatistical approach, which is suitable to be extended to engineering risk assessment concerning management of
SP facilities. We propose to combine geostatistical inference and a temporally-lumped physical model to reproduce non-uniform
clogging in topsoils of a SP, using field campaigns of local and large scale tests and additionally by means of satellite
images as secondary information. We then postulate a power-law relationship between the parameter of the exponential law,
λ, and I
c,0. It is found that calibrating the two parameters of the power law model it is possible to fit the temporal evolution of total
infiltration rate at the pond scale in a MAR test facility. The results can be used to design appropriate measures to selectively
limit clogging during operation, extending the life of the infiltration pond. 相似文献
176.
A diverse fauna of wasps of the extinct parasitoid family Stigmaphronidae (Ceraphronoidea) are recorded in Early Cretaceous (Lower Albian) amber from Spain. Seven new species in five genera are described and figured based on 51 specimens, representing more material than in all the world’s other amber deposits combined. New species include: Elasmophron mari sp. nov., Libanophron sugaar sp. nov., Hippocoon basajauni sp. nov., Burmaphron jentilak sp. nov., B. sorginak sp. nov., B. iratxoak sp. nov., and Tagsmiphron olentzero sp. nov. The significance of the fauna is discussed and compared with that of other Cretaceous amber deposits, in particular the tremendous richness of the Spanish fauna is contrasted with the complete absence of stigmaphronids in the slightly younger and nearby French amber. Whether this stark difference represents particularly favorable conditions for these parasitoids, or their hosts, in the Cretaceous Spanish archipelago, or whether it is owing to taphonomic factors is discussed. 相似文献
177.
Lapierre Henriette Angelier Jacques Cogné Xavier Grand Thierry Mascle Georges 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(4):197-206
RésuménUne analyse tectonique du couloir faillé d’Arakapas est menée à partir de la mesure de plus de 3 000 plans striés relevés dans les formations ophiolitiques du Troodos et du Kellaki. Des mesures ont également été effectuées dans les formations du Crétacé terminal — Paléogène et du Néogène, afin de préciser l’âge des différents stades de la déformation. Elles ont été traitées par les méthodes des dièdres droits et du calcul du tenseur des contraintes. Il est montré que le couloir d’Arakapas a été le siège de plusieurs déformations successives. Au Néogène règne un régime en extension qui succède à un jeu décrochant dextre contemporain des compressions d’âge Crétacé terminal à Miocène. Un jeu décrochant antérieur peut-être mis en évidence. Il serait compatible avec le fonctionnement en faille transformante océanique proposé par divers auteurs. 相似文献
178.
Paul Swagemakers Damian Copena Rodríguez María Dolores Domínguez García Xavier Simón Fernández 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):109-118
Modification and channelization of streams and rivers have been conducted extensively throughout the world during the past century. Subsequently, much effort has been directed at re-creating the lost habitats and thereby improving living conditions for aquatic organisms. However, as restoration methods are plentiful, it is difficult to determine which one to use to get the anticipated result. The aim of this study was to compare two commonly used methods in small Danish streams to improve the physical condition: re-meandering and passive restoration through cease of maintenance. Our investigation included measurement of the physical conditions in 29 stream reaches covering four different groups: (1) re-meandered streams, (2) LDC streams (the least disturbed streams available), (3) passively restored streams (>10?years stop of maintenance) and (4) channelized and non-restored streams. The in-stream habitats were compared through analysis of the measured physical parameters and by applying a habitat model. We found that re-meandering is a more effective way of re-creating near-natural physical conditions in small streams compared to passive restoration. This is probably due to the limited energy in small streams which restricts re-shaping of the stream channel. However, based on habitat suitability modelling, the change to the physical condition did not translate into improved habitat suitability for young of the year brown trout highlighting the value of using several methods when evaluating restoration success. 相似文献
179.
Two new closed‐form expressions representing the mean rate of exceedance of a given limit state are presented herein. These proposals overcome limitations that were identified with the original formulation of the well‐known SAC/FEMA approach. The new expressions involve new parametric functions for the modeling of the seismic hazard data and for the demand evolution for increasing values of the earthquake intensity measure. Given the carefully selected parametric form of these functions, mathematical tractability is able to be maintained to establish two new closed‐form solutions representing the mean rate of exceedance of a given limit state. The function proposed for the hazard exhibits nonlinear behavior in log‐log space and is able to represent the actual hazard data over a wider range of earthquake intensity levels. The function proposed for the demand evolution addresses issues related to the inadequate performance of the SAC/FEMA approach when force‐based demand parameters such as the shear force are considered. To illustrate the applicability of the new closed‐form solutions, the probability of occurrence of several limit states is determined for a reinforced concrete structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
180.
Martin B. Kalinowski Anders Axelsson Marc Bean Xavier Blanchard Theodore W. Bowyer Guy Brachet Simon Hebel Justin I. McIntyre Jana Peters Christoph Pistner Maria Raith Anders Ringbom Paul R. J. Saey Clemens Schlosser Trevor J. Stocki Thomas Taffary R. Kurt Ungar 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2010,167(4-5):517-539
A global monitoring system for atmospheric xenon radioactivity is being established as part of the International Monitoring System that will verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) once the treaty has entered into force. This paper studies isotopic activity ratios to support the interpretation of observed atmospheric concentrations of 135Xe, 133mXe, 133Xe and 131mXe. The goal is to distinguish nuclear explosion sources from civilian releases. Simulations of nuclear explosions and reactors, empirical data for both test and reactor releases as well as observations by measurement stations of the International Noble Gas Experiment (INGE) are used to provide a proof of concept for the isotopic ratio based method for source discrimination. 相似文献