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201.
Strategies to mitigate aliasing of loading signals while estimating GPS frame parameters 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
Xavier?CollilieuxEmail author Tonie?van?Dam Jim?Ray David?Coulot Laurent?Métivier Zuheir?Altamimi 《Journal of Geodesy》2012,86(1):1-14
Although GNSS techniques are theoretically sensitive to the Earth center of mass, it is often preferable to remove intrinsic
origin and scale information from the estimated station positions since they are known to be affected by systematic errors.
This is usually done by estimating the parameters of a linearized similarity transformation which relates the quasi-instantaneous
frames to a long-term frame such as the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). It is well known that non-linear
station motions can partially alias into these parameters. We discuss in this paper some procedures that may allow reducing
these aliasing effects in the case of the GPS techniques. The options include the use of well-distributed sub-networks for
the frame transformation estimation, the use of site loading corrections, a modification of the stochastic model by downweighting
heights, or the joint estimation of the low degrees of the deformation field. We confirm that the standard approach consisting
of estimating the transformation over the whole network is particularly harmful for the loading signals if the network is
not well distributed. Downweighting the height component, using a uniform sub-network, or estimating the deformation field
perform similarly in drastically reducing the amplitude of the aliasing effect. The application of these methods to reprocessed
GPS terrestrial frames permits an assessment of the level of agreement between GPS and our loading model, which is found to
be about 1.5 mm WRMS in height and 0.8 mm WRMS in the horizontal at the annual frequency. Aliased loading signals are not
the main source of discrepancies between loading displacement models and GPS position time series. 相似文献
202.
Christian Pfister Emmanuel Garnier Maria-João Alcoforado Dennis Wheeler Jürg Luterbacher Maria Fatima Nunes João Paulo Taborda 《Climatic change》2010,101(1-2):281-310
Three violent eighteenth-century storms that ravaged the North Sea area (1703), western central Europe (1739) and Portugal (1739) are investigated from the point of view of their meteorological setting, their socio-economic impact, and whether and by what means they secured an enduring place in the cultural memory. The evidence draws on individual narrative sources such as chronicles and poems, and institutional sources such as ship’s logbooks and state-organised ‘windthrow’ inventories of tree loss. Each of the three storms had socio-economic impacts that could be described as ‘war-like’ in the damage caused to buildings and the destruction of forests. The “Great Storm” of December 1703 jeopardized English naval supremacy in the War of the Spanish Succession by sinking a number of Royal Navy ships and taking the life of more than 8000 seamen. In January 1739 two similarly destructive storms swept over mainland Europe. The cultural memory of the three events here considered was however strikingly different. The sequence of storms in January 1739 though being the most protracted of the last centuries, and well-chroniceled, did not persist in the collective memories of those in France, Switzerland and elsewhere who experienced them. Likewise, the “Great Storm” was quickly forgotten on the continent, whereas its memory remained deeply rooted in England through the writings of Defoe (1704). In Portugal the 1739 storm won a lasting place in the country’s cultural memory owing to two poems that it inspired. Furthermore, it was recorded in the Kingdom’s official newspaper, in the astronomical prognoses and in written records of the Old Regime’s cultural elite. 相似文献
203.
204.
Spatial and temporal patterns of dry spell lengths in the Iberian Peninsula for the second half of the twentieth century 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
X. Lana M. D. Martínez A. Burgueño C. Serra J. Martín-Vide L. Gómez 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2008,91(1-4):99-116
Summary Daily pluviometric records of 43 meteorological stations across the Iberian Peninsula have permitted a detailed analysis of
dry spell patterns for the period 1951–2000 by distinguishing daily amount thresholds of 0.1, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mm/day. The
analyses are based on three annual series, namely the number of dry spells, N, the average dry spell length, L, and the extreme dry spell length, L
max. First, the statistical significance of local trends for the annual series of N, L and L
max has been investigated by means of the Mann-Kendall test and significant field trends have been established by means of Monte
Carlo simulations. Clear signs of negative field trends are detected for N (1.0 and 10.0 mm/day) and L (0.1 mm/day). Second, the Weibull model fits well the empirical distributions of dry spell lengths for all the rain gauges,
whatever the daily amount threshold, with a well ranged spatial distribution of their parameters u and k. On the basis of the Weibull distribution, return period maps for 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 years have been obtained for dry spell
lengths with respect to the four daily threshold levels. While for 0.1 and 1.0 mm/day the longest dry spells are expected
at the south of the Iberian Peninsula, for 5.0 and 10.0 mm/day they are mostly detected at the southeast. Finally, the elapsed
time between consecutive dry spells has been analysed by considering the same rain amount thresholds and different dry spell
lengths at increasing intervals of 10 days. This analysis makes evident a significant negative field trend of the elapsed
time between consecutive dry spells of lengths ranging from 10 to 20 days for daily amount thresholds of 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mm/day.
Authors’ addresses: X. Lana, C. Serra, Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya,
Av. Diagonal 647 planta 11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; M. D. Marínez, Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; A. Burgue?o, Departament de Meteorologia i Astronomia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028
Barcelona, Spain; J. Martín-Vide, L. Gómez, Grup de Climatologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. 相似文献
205.
Emilio J. Alfaro Federico Elias Jesús Cabrera-Caño 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2009,324(2-4):141-146
We perform a study into the spatial and kinematical distribution of young open clusters in the solar neighborhood, distinguishing between Gould Belt and local Galactic disk members. We use a previous estimate of the structural parameters of both systems obtained from a sample of O to B6 stars from Hipparcos. The two star-forming regions that dominate and give the Gould Belt its characteristic inclined shape show a striking difference in their content of star clusters: while Ori OB1 is richly populated by open clusters, not a single one can be found within the boundaries of Sco OB2. This is mirrored in velocity space, translating again into an abundance of clusters in the region of the kinematic space populated by the members of Ori OB1, and a marginal number of them associated with Sco OB2. We interpret all these differences by characterizing the Orion region as a cluster complex typically surrounded by a stellar halo, and the Sco-Cen region as an OB association in the outskirts of the complex. The different contents of star clusters, the different heights above the Galactic plane and the different residual velocities of Ori OB1 and Sco OB2 can be explained in terms of their relative position with respect to the density maximum of the Local Arm in the solar neighborhood. The origin of this feature could have been the interaction of a density wave with the local interstellar medium close to the Galactic co-rotation radius. 相似文献
206.
F. Elias E. J. Alfaro J. Cabrera-Caño 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,397(1):2-13
We perform a study of the spatial and kinematical distribution of young open clusters in the solar neighbourhood, discerning between bound clusters and transient stellar condensations within our sample. Then, we discriminate between Gould Belt (GB) and local Galactic disc (LGD) members, using our previous estimate of the structural parameters of both systems obtained from a sample of O-B6 Hipparcos stars. Single membership probabilities of the clusters are also calculated in the separation process. Using this classified sample, we analyse the spatial structure and the kinematic behaviour of the cluster system in the GB. The two star formation regions that dominate and give the GB its characteristic-inclined shape show a striking difference in their content of star clusters: while Ori OB1 is richly populated by open clusters, not a single one can be found within the boundaries of Sco OB2. This is mirrored in the velocity space, translating again into an abundance of clusters in the region of the kinematic space populated by the members of Ori OB1, and a marginal number of them associated with Sco OB2. We interpret all these differences by characterizing the Orion region as a cluster complex typically surrounded by a stellar halo, and the Sco-Cen region as an OB association in the outskirts of the complex. In the light of these results, we study the nature of the GB with respect to the optical segment of the Orion Arm, and we propose that the different content of star clusters, the different heights over the Galactic plane and the different residual velocities of Ori OB1 and Sco OB2 can be explained in terms of their relative position to the density maximum of the Local Arm in the solar neighbourhood. Although morphologically intriguing, the GB appears to be the result of our local and biased view of a larger star cluster complex in the Local Arm, that could be explained by the internal dynamics of the Galactic disc. 相似文献
207.
We use linear analysis to simulate the evolution of a coronal loop in response to a localized impulsive event. The disturbance is modeled by injecting a narrow Gaussian velocity pulse near one footpoint of a loop in equilibrium. Three different damping mechanisms, namely viscosity, thermal conduction, and optically thin radiation, are included in the loop calculations. We consider homogeneous and gravitationally stratified, isothermal loops of varying length (50≤L≤400 Mm) and temperature (2≤T≤10 MK). We find that a localized pulse can effectively excite slow magnetoacoustic waves that propagate up along the loop. The amplitudes of the oscillations increase with decreasing loop temperature and increasing loop length and size of the pulse width. At T≥4 MK, the waves are dissipated by the combined effects of viscosity and thermal conduction, whereas at temperatures of 2 MK, or lower, wave dissipation is governed by radiative cooling. We predict periods in the range of 4.6?–?41.6 minutes. The wave periods remain unaltered by variations of the pulse size, decrease with the loop temperature, and increase almost linearly with the loop length. In addition, gravitational stratification results in a small reduction of the periods and amplification of the waves as they propagate up along the loop. 相似文献
208.
Jorge Del Río Vera Francisco Criado-Aldeanueva Jesús García-Lafuente F. Javier Soto-Navarro 《Global and Planetary Change》2009,68(3):232-235
Altimetry measurements over the Ionian region and tide gauge records along the southern Italian coasts have been combined to analyse the negative sea level trend over the Ionian basin in the last decades. The apparent decreasing trend should be better understood as an abrupt sea level drop in 1998 probably linked to changes in the surface circulation in the Ionian basin induced by the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, which changed from anticyclonic to cyclonic about March 1998. From then onwards, a rising rate of 7.9 ± 0.9 mm/year is observed over the basin. 相似文献
209.
F. Arcega-Cabrera J. O. Sickman L. Fargher J. Herrera-Silveira D. Lucero I. Oceguera-Vargas E. Lamas-Cosío P. A. Robledo-Ardila 《Ground water》2021,59(6):878-891
High surface water-groundwater connectivity characterizes watersheds underlain by karsts, increasing contaminant transport risks. However, karsts are highly complex, making research necessary to understand the transport of contaminants from the surface, through the aquifer, to discharge areas. In Yucatan, the lack of waste water treatment raises the risk of groundwater contamination. We monitored stable isotopes (δ18O-NO3 and δ15N-NO3), cadmium, and lead to document waste water contamination and transport during the rainy and dry seasons, using water samples collected along the Ring of Cenotes during each season. Specific conductance and pH showed no consistent seasonality, with conductance ranging from 0.5 to 55 mS/cm and pH ranging from 6.6 to 8.6 for most samples. Nitrate concentrations in the cenotes averaged 205 ± 260 μM and no seasonal pattern was observed. Cd and Pb concentrations were 0.1 to 37.9 μg/L and 0.2 to 243.2 μg/L, respectively. Nitrate stable isotope values were 2.6 to 27.2‰ for δ18O and 1.2 to 20.7‰ for δ15N. The statistical relationship between δ15N and δ18O, in dry season samples, indicated that denitrification was occurring. A scale measure for waste water recognition showed: (1) high variability among sites probably related with dry/rainy seasons and/or diverse anthropogenic activities; and (2) specific water quality variables that contribute to contamination at each site during each season. Importantly, our analyses indicate that in the area surrounding the Ring of Cenotes, waste water exhibits spatial and temporal patterns related to complex transport and dilution processes, as is the case in karsts in general. 相似文献
210.
The vertical position of the streambed–water boundary fluctuates during the course of sediment transport episodes, due to particle entrainment/deposition and bedform migration, amongst other hydraulic and bedload mechanisms. These vertical oscillations define a topmost stratum of the streambed (i.e. the ‘active layer or active depth’), which usually represents the main source of particles entrained during long and high-magnitude bedload transport episodes. The vertical extent of this layer is hence a capital parameter for the quantification of bedload volumes and a major driver of stream ecology in gravel-bed rivers. However, knowledge on how the active depth scales to flow strength and the nature of the different controls on the relation between the flow strength and the active depth is still scarce. In this paper we present a meta-analysis over active depth data coming from ~130 transport episodes extracted from a series of published field studies. We also incorporate our own field data for the rivers Ebro and Muga (unpublished), both in the Iberian Peninsula. We explore the database searching for the influence of flow strength, grain size, streambed mobility and channel morphology on the vertical extent of the active layer. A multivariate statistical analysis (stepwise multiple regression) confirms that the set of selected variables explains a significant amount of variance in the compiled variables. The analysis shows a positive scaling between active depth and flow strength. We have also identified some links between the active depth and particle travel distances. However, these relations are also largely modulated by other fluvial drivers, such as the grain size of the bed surface and the dominant channel macro-bedforms, with remarkable differences between plane-bed, step-pool and riffle-pool channels. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献