南海温度锋的分布特征及季节变化

利用50a(1950—2007年)的SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)数据分析了南海上层温度锋分布特征以及季节变化规律。结果表明:受季风、太阳辐照以及诸多因素影响,温度锋季节变化明显,锋面结构复杂。冬季,温度锋基本沿陆架分布,存在于南海北部海区,从台湾海峡一直延伸到北部湾,发育比较显著;春季,主要出现在南海北部海区、北部湾、越南东部海岸,分布比较广泛;夏季温度锋出现概率增加,出现区域扩大,越南东部出现大面积温度锋;秋季南海中西部海域存在大面积的温度锋。     

基于ROMS模式利用集合最优插值同化沿轨海表面高度异常数据的研究

The ensemble optimal interpolation （EnOI） is applied to the regional ocean modeling system （ROMS） with the ability to assimilate the along-track sea level anomaly （TSLA）. This system is tested with an eddy-resolving system of the South China Sea （SCS）. Background errors are derived from a running seasonal ensemble to account for the seasonal variability within the SCS. A fifth-order localization function with a 250 km localization radius is chosen to reduce the negative effects of sampling errors. The data assimilation system is tested from January 2004 to December 2006. The results show that the root mean square deviation （RMSD） of the sea level anomaly decreased from 10.57 to 6.70 cm, which represents a 36.6% reduction of error. The data assimilation reduces error for temperature within the upper 800 m and for salinity within the upper 200 m, although error degrades slightly at deeper depths. Surface currents are in better agreement with trajectories of surface drifters after data assimilation. The variance of sea level improves significantly in terms of both the amplitude and position of the strong and weak variance regions after assimilating TSLA. Results with AGE error （AGE） perform better than no AGE error （NoAGE） when considering the improvements of the temperature and the salinity. Furthermore, reasons for the extremely strong variability in the northern SCS in high resolution models are investigated. The results demonstrate that the strong variability of sea level in the high resolution model is caused by an extremely strong Kuroshio intrusion. Therefore, it is demonstrated that it is necessary to assimilate the TSLA in order to better simulate the SCS with high resolution models.     

Cloning and expression analysis of the chloroplast fructose- 1,6-bisphosphatase gene from Pyropia haitanensis

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase) is one of the key enzymes in Calvin circle and starch biosynthesis. In this study, the full-length of cpFBPase gene from Pyropia haitanensis was cloned by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) technology. The nucleotide sequence of PhcpFBPase consists of 1 400 bp, including a 5′ untranslated region(UTR) of 92 bp, a 3′?UTR of 69 bp, and an open reading frame(ORF) of 1 236 bp, which can be translated into a 412-amino-acid putative peptides with a molecular weight of 44.3 kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.23. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that the protein belonged to the chloroplast FBPase enzyme. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the protein assembled with the cpFBPase of a thermal tolerant unicellular red micro-algae Galdieria sulphuraria. Expression patterns analyzed by qRT-PCR revealed that the expression of PhcpFBPase gene in the thallus phage was 7-fold higher than in the conchocelis phage, which suggested the different mechanisms of inorganic carbon utilization among the different life phages of P. haitanensis. And the different response modes of PhcpFBPase mRNA levels to high temperature and desiccation stress indicated that PhcpFBPase played an important role in responsing to abiotic stress.     

东太平洋海隆深海热液区沉积物古菌多样性分析

采用PCR-RFLP方法对东太平洋海隆深海热液区3个站位沉积物中的古菌多样性进行了初步研究.结果显示,从古菌16S rRNA基因文库中随机挑取的296个阳性克隆分属奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota,47.64%）、广古菌门（Euryarchaeota,44.93%）、泉古菌门（Crenarchaeota,6.77%）和未分类古菌（0.68%）,其中优势菌群为奇古菌门的亚硝化侏儒菌属（Nitrosopumilus,35.47%）和广古菌门的热原体纲（Thermoplasmata,27.03%）,DHVE3、DHVE5、DHVE6、MBGB和MBGE类群在沉积物样品中也均有发现.另外,3个站位沉积物中古菌类群组成存在差异,S5-TVG1站位样品文库的97个古菌克隆分属奇古菌门（49.48%）、广古菌门（49.48%）和泉古菌门（1.03%）,S14-TVG10站位样品文库的103个古菌克隆由奇古菌门（84.47%）和广古菌门（15.53%）组成,S16-TVG12站位样品文库的96个古菌克隆包括广古菌门（71.88%）、泉古菌门（19.79%）、奇古菌门（6.25%）和未分类古菌（2.08%）.研究结果表明,东太平洋海隆深海热液区沉积物中古菌多样性丰富,存在着许多新的古菌菌群;不同站位古菌菌群结构以及多样性存在差异,这与其所处环境的热液活动密切相关.     

中国区域滨海湿地固碳能力研究现状与提升

对我国滨海湿地的固碳能力进行了评估,同时,对其固碳能力的遥感监测和评估方法进行了总结和分析,最后提出了滨海湿地固碳能力的提升技术。全球看来,我国滨海湿地的固碳能力总体上不高。国内看来,在北方泥炭地和植被覆盖率高,生长茂盛的区域,尤其是有红树林生长的区域固碳能力相对较高。滨海湿地主要分布在潮间带,人为监测困难,卫星遥感的出现为滨海湿地的监测带来很大方便,遥感监测已成为评估湿地固碳能力的一种高时效方法。滨海湿地固碳蕴藏着巨大潜力,提升滨海湿地的固碳能力可以大大降低全球CO2含量,对于改善全球温室效应有不可替代的作用。     

New Discovery of Oligocene Gastropod Opercula from the Yehucheng Formation in Northwestern China

Fourteen species of nonmarine gastropod opercula are found to be in high abundance in the Oligocene upper member of the Yehucheng Formation,Lanzhou Basin,northwest China.They are attributed to two families,namely Bithyniidae and Assimineidae,and four genera,namely Pseudemmericia,Bithynia,Mirolaminatus and Assiminea.Among them,three species are new,and they are Bithynia paramonolithic sp.nov.,B.obliquus sp.nov.,and B.disregularis sp.nov.Some of these species were first discovered in Paleogene strata of the vast Northwest China and can be compared with the opercula recovered from the Paleogene deposits in East and South China.It is inferred from the paleontology and sediment associations that the climate was slightly humid and the fauna probably inhabited the fresh or brackish water of a shallow lake in the Lanzhou Basin during the late early Oligocene period.     

构造地理要素趋势面的尺度转换普适性方法探讨

当前的遥感科学面临着遥感数据获取能力与数据应用能力之间突出的供需矛盾。尺度问题作为遥感科学中的关键问题,既限制了遥感作为一门科学向系统性、普适性的发展,又限制了遥感应用能力的发展。本文对定量遥感中的尺度问题进行了梳理,包括:遥感与传统站点观测之间的不一致、不同尺度遥感产品之间的不一致、机理模型的尺度适用问题,以及遥感产品与用户需求时空尺度间的不一致。对遥感中的尺度转换方法展开了讨论,总结了尺度转换的关键问题在于原数据信息量不足时引入额外信息和保留关键信息两方面。提出了构造地理要素趋势面的基本构想,搭建了一个具有普适性的尺度转换方法框架。核心内容是充分利用地表环境要素时间、空间上的信息作为先验知识,通过关联遥感观测新信息和先验趋势面生成指定时空尺度的地表要素产品。     

A Review of Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative Effects

Atmospheric aerosols influence the earth's radiative balance directly through scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly through affecting cloud properties. An understanding of aerosol optical properties is fundamental to studies of aerosol effects on climate. Although many such studies have been undertaken, large uncertainties in describing aerosol optical characteristics remain, especially regarding the absorption properties of different aerosols. Aerosol radiative effects are considered as either positive or negative perturbations to the radiation balance, and they include direct, indirect (albedo effect and cloud lifetime effect), and semi-direct effects. The total direct effect of anthropogenic aerosols is negative (cooling), although some components may contribute a positive effect (warming). Both the albedo effect and cloud lifetime effect cool the atmosphere by increasing cloud optical depth and cloud cover, respectively. Absorbing aerosols, such as carbonaceous aerosols and dust, exert a positive forcing at the top of atmosphere and a negative forcing at the surface, and they can directly warm the atmosphere. Internally mixed black carbon aerosols produce a stronger warming effect than externally mixed black carbon particles do. The semi-direct effect of absorbing aerosols could amplify this warming effect. Based on observational (ground-and satellite-based) and simulation studies, this paper reviews current progress in research regarding the optical properties and radiative effects of aerosols and also discusses several important issues to be addressed in future studies.     

Critical mechanisms for the formation of extreme arctic sea-ice extent in the summers of 2007 and 1996

Along with significant changes in the Arctic climate system, the largest year-to-year variation in sea-ice extent (SIE) has occurred in the Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi seas (defined here as the area of focus, AOF), among which the two highly contrasting extreme events were observed in the summers of 2007 and 1996 during the period 1979–2012. Although most efforts have been devoted to understanding the 2007 low, a contrasting high September SIE in 1996 might share some related but opposing forcing mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms for the formation of these two extremes and quantitatively estimate the cloud-radiation-water vapor feedback to the sea-ice-concentration (SIC) variation utilizing satellite-observed sea-ice products and the NASA MERRA reanalysis. The low SIE in 2007 was associated with a persistent anticyclone over the Beaufort Sea coupled with low pressure over Eurasia, which induced anomalous southerly winds. Ample warm and moist air from the North Pacific was transported to the AOF and resulted in positive anomalies of cloud fraction (CF), precipitable water vapor (PWV), surface LWnet (down-up), total surface energy and temperature. In contrast, the high SIE event in 1996 was associated with a persistent low pressure over the central Arctic coupled with high pressure along the Eastern Arctic coasts, which generated anomalous northerly winds and resulted in negative anomalies of above mentioned atmospheric parameters. In addition to their immediate impacts on sea ice reduction, CF, PWV and radiation can interplay to lead to a positive feedback loop among them, which plays a critical role in reinforcing sea ice to a great low value in 2007. During the summer of 2007, the minimum SIC is 31 % below the climatic mean, while the maximum CF, LWnet and PWV can be up to 15 %, 20 Wm^?2, and 4 kg m^?3 above. The high anti-correlations (?0.79, ?0.61, ?0.61) between the SIC and CF, PWV, and LWnet indicate that CF, PWV and LW radiation are indeed having significant impacts on the SIC variation. A new record low occurred in the summer of 2012 was mainly triggered by a super storm over the central Arctic Ocean in early August that caused substantial mechanical ice deformation on top of the long-term thinning of an Arctic ice pack that had become more dominated by seasonal ice.     

基于北京二号影像辅助nDSM的建筑物自动提取

针对建筑物提取方法缺乏泛化性的问题,本文提出了将nDSM、北京二号影像、NDVI、BAI的七通道图像相结合作为数据源的提取方法。采用随机森林、梯度提升机、支持向量机、BP神经网络分类器对建筑物进行提取获取最佳分类器模型,并运用二值化与开闭运算,以建筑物面积与最小外接矩形面积的比值为阈值,对建筑物分别进行最小外接矩形、DP算法拟合,优化建筑物提取结果。试验结果表明,梯度提升机(GBDT)较其他分类模型在不同场景下综合效果较好,F-score精度更高。