中扬子区海相沉积盆地性质研究

分析了中扬子区海相沉积盆地基底和层序充填特性;研制了M判别图解,研究了沉积盆地的性质,认为盆地基底具有三分性,盆地层序充填具有阶段性和分区性,沉积盆地主体具有克拉通盆地的特点和性质。     

甘肃河东年降水量的周期变化

利用甘肃河东建站最早的９个代表站的年降水量资料,采用谐波分析和小波分析方法,计算了年降水量序列各种时间尺度的周期,以及１０ａ和２０ａ相空间时间序列的２～１０ａ周期试验;陇南无明显周期;陇南无明显周期。相空间序列的周期试验显示,甘肃中部的准３ａ周期主要反映在５０～７０年代,近２０～３０ａ则以８～９ａ周期较为明显;陇东近１０ａ主要表现为准２ａ振荡。进一步的分析表明,甘肃中部年降水量的准３ａ周期振荡目处     

中国冰川径流的评估及其未来50 a变化趋势预测

基于中国冰川编目资料,应用冰川系统对气候变化响应的功能模型,按照几种不同升温率的气候背景,对全国各大流域冰川径流进行了评估,并对未来50 a冰川径流的变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明:1980年全国冰川总径流量615.7×108m3,在升温0.02 K.a-1及0.03 K.a-1情景下,2000年比1980年增大7.13%~10.8%,径流总量增至659.66×108m3~682.24×108m3;与此同时,冰川面积减少1.07%~1.62%,冰储量也减少1.14%~1.73%.2000—2030年全国冰川径流都将逐步增长,在2030年左右均达到了最高峰,径流增率ΔW/W0分别为9.6%及15.0%,总径流量分别为675.15×108m3,和707.91×108m3.2030年以后,全国冰川径流均开始从高峰缓慢回落,但直到2050年分别比初始径流量多8.6%及13.6%.因此,在2050年以前,特别是2030年前后是在上述气候情景下充分利用冰川融水的最好时机,但也是冰川洪水等灾害的多发期.就各流域来说,敏感型区径流高峰出现时间早而径流增率小,稳定型区则反之.如果出现极端的持续升温,如升温率为0.05 K.a-1,全国冰川径流增率可达26.5%,到21世纪末回落到1980年水平以下,而冰川储量损失达57%,届时中国西部生态环境将急剧恶化.     

Biological mechanisms driving the seasonal changes in the internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes

Because of the obvious importance of P as a nutrient that often accelerates growth of phytoplankton (including toxic cyanobacteria) and therefore worsens water quality, much interest has been devoted to P exchange across the sediment-water interface. Generally, the release mode of P from the sediment differed greatly between shallow and deep lakes, and much of the effort has been focused on iron and oxygen, and also on the relevant environmental factors, for example, turbulence and decomposition, but a large part of the P variation in shallow lakes remains unexplained. This paper reviews experimental and field studies on the mechanisms of P release from the sediment in the shallow temperate (in Europe) and subtropical (in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China) lakes, and it is suggested that pH rather than DO might be more important in driving the seasonal dynamics of internal P loading in these shallow lakes, i.e., intense photosynthesis of phytoplankton increases pH of the lake water and thus may increase pH of the surface sediment, leading to enhanced release of P (especially iron-bound P) from the sediment. Based on the selective pump of P (but not N) from the sediment by algal blooms, it is concluded that photosynthesis which is closely related to eutrophication level is the driving force for the seasonal variation of internal P loading in shallow lakes. This is a new finding. Additionally, the selective pump of P from the sediment by algal blooms not only explains satisfactorily why both TP and PO4-P in the hypereutrophic Lake Donghu declined significantly since the mid-1980s when heavy cyanobacterial blooms were eliminated by the nontraditional biomanipulation (massive stocking of the filter-feeding silver and bighead carps), but also explains why TP in European lakes decreased remarkably in the spring clear-water phase with less phytoplankton during the seasonal succession of aquatic communities or when phytoplankton biomass was decreased by traditional biomanipulation. Compared with deep lakes, wax and wane of phytoplankton due to alternations in the ecosystem structure is also able to exert significant influences on the P exchange at the sediment-water interface in shallow lakes. In other words, biological activities are also able to drive P release from sediments, and such a static P release process is especially more prominent in eutrophic shallow lakes with dense phytoplankton.     

冰碛层水文地质特征及其对工程影响的研究

文章以西部某重大工程为例，在详实的调查和试验基础上，研究了冰碛层的水文地质特征及其对工程的影响。研究结果表明：场区冰碛层渗透系数小，透水性微弱，且在垂向上随深度增加，呈逐渐变小趋势；工程条件下，地表水、地下水不会再在场区内冰碛层中形成新的架空块碎石结构，也不会发生渗透破坏，对工程影响微弱。     

一种实用的数字图像压缩方法

提出以C Builder 6.0为开发平台,以其所提供的TJPEGImage为核心,实现真彩色图像的压缩,为工程实际的应用提供了一种非常实用的压缩手段。该方法减少了大量程序代码的编写工作。实验表明,当综合压缩比设为65时,压缩图像与原图像相比并无明显变化,由此可见,压缩效果令人满意。     

基于可持续发展的区域水资源多目标优化配置研究

以区域经济发展与水环境保护相协调为目标,考虑社会各产业经济部门的污水处理和节水调节的控制作用,建立水资源多目标优化配置模型,并利用模糊理论构建评价函数。通过应用于盐城市水资源的优化配置,计算分析结果表明该方法具有良好的可行性和合理性。     

考虑泥沙冲淤对水流控制方程的改进与模拟

以一维数学模型为例,通过数值实验及渭河实际资料的验证,发现在含沙量较大的情况下,水流连续方程里的浑水与床面的交换项对流量影响是明显的,计算中应予考虑.解释了在像黄河这样的多沙河流中存在的“水变沙”、“沙变水”的现象.由此可见,在模拟含沙量较大河流的水沙数学模型中,应完整考虑水流连续方程的微元河段的水量变化率、进出通量变化及浑水与床面的交换通量这三项.     

无中导洞施工双连拱隧道的数值模拟分析

针对双连拱隧道采用三导洞或中导洞超前施工方法施工工序多、临时支护量大的不足,以黄延高速公路羊泉沟隧道为例,提出在Ⅲ类围岩中采用无中导洞超前施工方法.基于弹塑性有限元方法对其施工过程进行分析,获得了施工各阶段围岩的应力、应变状态,以及初期支护和二次衬砌的受力状态.结果表明：在Ⅲ类围岩中连拱隧道采用无中导洞施工方法,围岩和支护结构处于安全状态.分析结果为羊泉沟隧道的顺利贯通提供了有效指导.     

城市矢量地形图数据标准研究与实践--以《南京市1:500、1:1 000、1:2 000矢量地形图数据标准》的制定为例

城市基础地理信息标准化对4D产品的生产、数字城市的建设至关重要.但目前我国城市基础地理信息标准还不够完善,难以满足目前各个城市对基础地理信息的获取、处理和应用的需要.因此,南京市规划局为满足今后"数字南京"基础地理信息系统建设的需要, 于2004年5月组织编写了<南京市1:500、1:1 000、1:2 000矢量地形图数据标准>地方行业标准.以此标准为例,详细阐述其编写思路、编写框架及内容.