浅谈气象短信的用语问题

气象短信即传送气象信息,又蕴含着气象服务的浓郁的人文关怀,因此正确使用词语尤为重要.遗憾的是,部分气象短信中存在用语不当、内容表述不够准确简练等问题,并分别举例进行论述,期望引起气象短信编写人员的重视.     

中国不同干湿区蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发之间关系的研究

利用降水量将中国划分为干旱、半干旱、湿润和半湿润4个区域,开展不同区域中蒸发皿蒸发和多个模式模拟的实际蒸发的集成结果对比研究,探讨和分析在不同干湿背景下蒸发皿蒸发和利用观测的气象数据驱动的陆面过程模型模拟的实际蒸发之间的关系,并对导致这种关系的原因进行了分析,表明结果:(1)实际蒸发在中国整体上表现为下降趋势,这与湿润和半湿润区的变化趋势一致,而在干旱和半干旱区,实际蒸发表现为上升的变化趋势;(2)对比不同干湿区域的结果发现,在干旱和半干旱区,蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相反的变化趋势,在半湿润和湿润区,蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相同的变化趋势,在中国整体上蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发在总体上也具有一致的变化趋势;(3)单站分析的结果表明,中国东南大部分站点蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相同的变化趋势,而在西北地区大部分站点两者之间是相反的关系,这与区域平均的结果是一致的;(4)蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发之间在各个地区存在不同的关系主要是由于不同的干湿背景下实际蒸发变化的主要制约因子不同造成的。     

2008年初中国南方低温雨雪冰冻事件的等熵位涡分析

利用等熵位涡理论对2008年初发生在我国南方的低温雨雪冰冻事件进行了诊断分析,结果表明,这次低温雨雪冰冻天气事件第一阶段的强冷空气主要来自新地岛以东洋面的平流层下部和对流层上部,从第二到第四阶段除了新地岛以东洋面外,还有来自北欧和拉普帖夫海、地中海的高位涡强冷空气补充。伴随着高层高位涡向南传播,高位涡气块在垂直方向强烈向下伸展、对流层顶动力异常,引起高位涡区气块旋转加强、正涡度增加及其前方低层正涡度的产生,而其后方,因绕高位涡中心气流沿等熵面下沉,地面高压迅速发展,低位涡气块则相反。过程期间,由于巴尔喀什湖高位涡中心和地中海高位涡主体(低涡)的存在和维持,孟加拉湾上空正相对涡度输送频繁,使得南支槽不断生消;而乌拉尔山低位涡带(高脊)和贝加尔湖高位涡中心(低涡)由于低、高位涡空气的不断注入,发生一次次的替换和发展,在引导冷空气持续南下与孟加拉湾北上的暖湿气流长时间在我国华南上空汇合的同时,还导致地面西伯利亚高压反复增强并分裂小高压数次南下,地面强冷空气不断补充,最终造成华南低温雨雪冰冻天气的长时间持续。     

“2.28”云南罕见春季强对流雷达回波特征分析与数值模拟

利用常规观测、红外云图、水汽图像、CINRAD-CC多普勒天气雷达观测、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和WRF模式,对2008年漏报的"2.28"云南罕见春季强对流中冰雹、雷打雪雷达回波特征进行分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明,此次过程是由强西南低空急流和地面冷空气引起,过程中昆明雷打雪上空为向高层扩展增强的逆风区,近地层零速度线呈"S"型暖平流形式,有钩状、块絮混合条状或片状回波对应,45 dBz的钩状回波强中心带在5~7 km处并向高层偏东方向伸展;玉溪强冰雹由"弓"型回波前部中-γ尺度中气旋活动所致,回波强度、零速度线自南向北呈汇合型和发散型的典型超级单体回波特征,60 dBz最强中心在5 km高度,雹云中50 dBz回波经历柱状、倒"V"和钩状,并与有界弱回波BWER相伴。WRF较好地模拟了整个强对流过程中的回波强度、形态和移动方向,验证了实况中冰雹、雷打雪云中存在强倾斜上升气流和冰雹云中倾斜上升气流,以及垂直上升运动大于雷打雪云中的事实。     

典型层状云系催化试验的云物理响应研究

利用2003年秋季延安地区一次典型层状云系加密探空和实时雷达观测资料,设计了催化和对比探测方案,计算得出催化影响区及下风方可能采集到响应值的区域。按照设计方案进行催化和探测。云物理响应观测结果表明:PNS粒子探测系统检测到催化后30min,小云滴减少;大冰晶的浓度增加;催化前冰晶以片状为主,催化后可看到有霰坯;催化前大雪晶浓度很小,雪晶之间没有攀附;催化后雪晶浓度增加,且大雪晶增加很多,可明显看到几个雪团攀附在一起形成的较大雪团;雷达观测到催化前拟播撒区内云的回波强度较弱、范围较小,催化后云体明显增大,强中心增加了5～10dBz;催化约1h后影响区雨量均有增加,说明催化引入的人工冰晶,使冰晶凝结比水滴凝结更有利于过冷云水转化为降水,冰晶效应和雪晶攀附过程是这次层状云系降水系统中的主要过程。过冷水冻结释放的潜热,导致云内升速加大,使催化区云和降水得到发展。     

近36年湖南省干湿的空间分布特征及变化趋势

利用湖南省80个测站1970—2005年降水和蒸发资料,采用REOF、小波分析和M-K突变分析等方法,对湖南省干湿的空间分布特征和变化趋势进行分析。研究表明:湖南省干湿存在4个干旱区域和3个湿润区域,除湘南、湘西和湘东部分地区外,其余地区有变湿趋势。根据EOF和REOF分析,湖南省干湿空间分布既有全区一致性,也存在南部和北部及湘中与周围地区相反变化的差异,大致可以分为湘南湘西南、湘北、湘中、湘东北4个异常区,且各异常区于1980年代末—1990年代初有一个由干向湿的转变过程。除湘中区外其他各区域1970年代中期以前和1990年代之后处于湿润时期,1980年代处于干旱时期。湘北区和湘中区存在2.6、5.3和11.6年的周期干湿变化;湘南、湘西南区和湘东北区存在2.6、7和16年的干湿变化。     

A Case Study on a Quasi-Stationary Meiyu Front Bringing About Continuous Rainstorms with Piecewise Potential Vorticity Inversion

A 4-day persistent rainstorm resulting in serious flooding disasters occurred in the north of Fujian Province under the influences of a quasi-stationary Meiyu front during 5-8 June 2006. With 1°× 1° latitude and longitude NCEP reanalysis data and the ground surface rainfall, using the potential vorticity （PV） analysis and PV inversion method, the evolution of main synoptic systems, and the corresponding PV and PV perturbation （or PV anomalies） and their relationship with heavy rainfall along the Meiyu front are analyzed in order to investigate the physical mechanism of the formation, development, and maintenance of the Meiyu front. Furthermore, the PV perturbations related to different physics are separated to investigate their different roles in the formation and development of the Meiyu front. The results show： the formation and persistence of the Meiyu front in a quasi-WE orientation are mainly due to the maintenance of the high-pressure systems in its south/north sides （the West Pacific subtropical high/ the high pressure band extending from the Korean Peninsula to east of North China）. The Meiyu front is closely associated with the PV in the lower troposphere. The location of the positive PV perturbation on the Meiyu front matches well with the main heavy rainfall area along the Meiyu front. The PV inversion reveals that the balanced winds satisfying the nonlinear balanced assumption represent to a large extent the real atmospheric flow and its evolution basically reflects the variation of stream flow associated with the Meiyu front. The unbalanced flow forms the convergence band of the Meiyu front and it mainly comes from the high-pressure system in the north side of the Meiyu front. The positive PV perturbation related to latent heat release in the middle-lower troposphere is one of the main factors influencing the formation and development of the Meiyu front. The positive vorticity band from the total balanced winds is in accordance with the Meiyu front band and the magnitude of the posit     

A Diagnostic and Numerical Study on a Rainstorm in South China Induced by a Northward-Propagating Tropical System

A strong cyclonic wind perturbation generated in the northern South China Sea （SCS） moved northward quickly and developed into a mesoscale vortex in southwest Guangdong Province, and then merged with a southward-moving shear line from mid latitudes in the period of 21-22 May 2006, during which three strong mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） formed and brought about torrential rain or even cloudburst in South China. With the 1° ×1° NCEP （National Centers for Environment Prediction） reanalysis data and the Weather and Research Forecast （WRF） mesoscale model, a numerical simulation, a potential vorticity inversion analysis, and some sensitivity experiments are carried out to reveal the formation mechanism of this rainfall event. In the meantime, conventional observations, satellite images, and the WRF model outputs are also utilized to perform a preliminary dynamic and thermodynamic diagnostic analysis of the rainstorm systems. It is found that the torrential rain occurred in favorable synoptic conditions such as warm and moist environment, low lifting condensation level, and high convective instability. The moisture transport by strong southerly winds associated with the rapid northward advance of the cyclonic wind perturbation over the northern SCS provided the warm and moist condition for the formation of the excessive rain. Under the dynamic steering of a southwesterly flow ahead of a north trough and that on the southwest side of the West Pacific subtropical high, the mesoscale vortex （or the cyclonic wind perturbation）, after its genesis, moved northward and brought about enormous rain in most parts of Guangdong Province through providing certain lifting forcing for the triggering of mesoscale convection. During the development of the mesoscale vortex, heavy rainfall was to a certain extent enhanced by the mesoscale topography of the Yunwu Mountain in Guangdong. The effect of the Yunwu Mountain is found to vary under different prevailing wind directions and intensities. The location o     

陕西飞机人工增雨效果统计检验方法研究

应用针对陕西省飞机人工增雨作业特点设计的区域回归统计方案,对2002、2003、2006年春、秋季飞机增雨分别进行效果分析,结果表明:春季11架次08?20时平均增雨量1.6 mm,作业后3 h平均增雨量0.3 mm;秋季13架次08?20时平均增雨量3.6 mm,作业后3 h平均增雨量1.3 mm;通过成对试验符号秩和检验,显著性水平均优于5%,表明作业效果显著;分析结果说明了统计方案的可行性。基于该区域回归统计方案开发的飞机增雨效果评估系统,实现对增雨效果的及时、客观、定量评估。     

加强综合能力建设 全面提升应急管理工作水平——在全省应急管理工作电视电话会议上的讲话

<正>这次全省应急管理工作电视电话会议的主要内容是,总结 2009 年工作,成立专家组,交流好经验,部署新任务。刚才,朱希副秘书长宣读了首批省应急管理专家组的名单。省民政厅、省安监局、省水