数字化X线成像技术

X线数字化技术是当前医学影像领域最新最重要技术之一,本文简要介绍X线数字化成像技术的现状,并阐述了间接数字化X线成像技术和直接数字化X线成像技术的各种类型及原理。     

尾矿库排渗工程技术方法

为消除或减少尾矿库的安全风险,重要措施就是降低尾矿库坝体内的浸润线,而排渗工程技术方法是其主要手段。本文结合部分岩土工程技术在尾矿库排渗工程中的运用,并通过多项工程实践,系统讨论与总结尾矿库排渗工程技术方法中的盲沟排渗法、水平孔排渗法、辐射井排渗法、井点管抽水法、其它联合排渗措施的原理特点、施工方法与质量控制要点。     

论碎屑岩储层成岩过程中有机酸的溶蚀增孔能力

碎屑岩储层成岩过程中,烃源岩中有机质热演化能够释放大量有机酸并强烈溶蚀铝硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物,进而形成规模性次生孔隙的观点为石油地质学家所普遍接受。笔者以国内外有机质热解生成有机酸的实验为依据,系统计算了单位质量干酪根的生酸潜力。以东营凹陷北部陡坡带为例,在计算古近系沙河街组沉积地层泥砂比、主力烃源岩有机质丰度及主力烃源岩最大生排酸潜力的基础上,分别计算了有机酸溶蚀铝硅酸盐和溶蚀碳酸盐矿物对储层的最大增孔能力。然后以全球范围油气储层地层水有机酸浓度为参考,结合室内有机酸溶蚀碳酸盐矿物的实验,探讨了碳酸盐矿物的规模性溶蚀作用与地层酸性流体供给能力的匹配关系。结果表明：在缺少断层和不整合等优势运移通道时,有机质热演化过程中释放的有机酸溶蚀铝硅酸盐矿物能够产生的最大次生孔隙度约4.49%~7.48%,这一数据在一定程度上与现有认识一致;而有机酸溶蚀碳酸盐矿物能够产生的最大次生孔隙度约1.54%~2.56%,这一数据要大大低于多数学者的主观认识。在缺少足够的碳酸盐溶蚀证据的情况下,将中深层异常高孔隙度储层中大量的粒间孔隙界定为早期碳酸盐胶结物完全溶蚀形成的次生孔隙的观点值得商榷。     

全国重要固体矿产重点成矿区带划分与资源潜力特征

成矿区带是区域成矿规律研究成果最集中反映,同时也是地质找矿勘查部署最直接依据。利用全国重要矿产潜力评价成果重新厘定我国重要成矿区带,部署我国重要成矿区带有重要实际价值。成矿区带划分一方面要以区域构造环境及演化为纲,对成矿域、成矿省进行科学划分;同时要研究成矿本身时空分布规律,研究矿床的多元地物化遥等成矿信息,使得成矿区带符合成矿实际,能够直接找矿。部署区带是根据国家找矿工作部署出发,对成矿区带进行优选排序,具有引导导向作用,往往也能大大促进部署区带地质找矿突破。本次工作以23个矿种圈定成矿靶区,重要矿产地、物化遥异常等信息,并在最新划分的90个三级成矿区带基础上,划分了26个全国固体矿产勘查重点成矿区带,并进一步优选10个重点部署区带。     

不规则波激励下磁力双稳态波浪能转换装置的能量捕获特性研究

该研究提出了一种新型磁力双稳态机构,主要由一对同向充磁的负刚度磁环,附加一对异向充磁的正刚度磁环组成,可通过调整磁环参数有效改变双稳态装置的势垒高度,从而克服传统型双稳态装置在小幅波浪激励下转换效率低的难题。基于Cummins方程建立了系统的时域非线性动力学模型,其中采用状态空间模型替代了辐射力的卷积积分项用于加快计算速度。采用四阶龙格库塔方法求解动力学方程,获得系统响应解。采用Jonswap波浪谱,研究了不规则波激励下波浪能转换装置的转换效率随双稳态结构参数以及波浪激励参数的变化规律。结果表明,新型磁力双稳态机构在合适参数下可以达到降低势垒高度和拓宽平衡点间距的效果,从而显著提高波能捕获效率,拓宽波能捕获频带,尤其是大幅提高了系统在小波高激励下的捕获宽度。     

断层研究在地震安全性评价和石油勘探工作中的对比分析

对比分析了地震安全性评价和石油勘探中,断层研究的内容和方法。两者研究内容都包括断层活动时代、位置、规模、产状、性质等,但地震安全性评价更关注断层在地表和浅层的状况,活动时代等;石油勘探更关注较深处断层的状况,能否形成断块圈闭是主要研究内容。研究方法都包括地质露头调查、重力、地磁、地震勘探、钻井等。     

Soil moisture response to land use and topography across a semi-arid watershed:Implications for vegetation restoration on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil moisture is a limiting factor of ecosystem development in the semi-arid Loess Plateau.Characterizing the soil moisture response to its dominant controlling...     

基于有限元法的井底应力场随井底压差变化规律研究

岩石破碎是钻头与井底岩石相互作用的结果,井底应力场是决定钻头破岩效果的重要因素。本文利用有限元数值模拟手段探讨了特定地应力条件下井底压差对井底岩石应力的影响规律。研究表明,降低井底压力可以减小井底岩石的等效应力、改变岩石的应力状态,有利于钻头破碎岩石。井底平面上井眼中心附近的岩石最易破碎,越靠近井壁岩石所受的应力越大,在近井壁地带0.8R（R为井眼半径）附近,会出现明显的应力集中现象,这使得该区域的岩石最难破碎。本文的研究成果为研究最经济、最有效的钻井工艺和破岩技术提供理论依据,为破岩工具的优化设计提供参考。     

Hydrothermally induced diagenesis: Evidence from shallow marine-deltaic sediments,Wilhelmøya,Svalbard

Sedimentary basins containing igneous intrusions within sedimentary reservoir units represent an important risk in petroleum exploration. The Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic sediments at Wilhelm?ya(Svalbard) contains reservoir heterogeneity as a result of sill emplacement and represent a unique case study to better understand the effect of magmatic intrusions on the general burial diagenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Sills develop contact metamorphic aureoles by conduction as presented in many earlier studies. However, there is significant impact of localized hydrothermal circulation systems affecting reservoir sediments at considerable distance from the sill intrusions. Dolerite sill intrusions in the studied area are of limited vertical extent(～12 m thick), but created localized hydrothermal convection cells affecting sediments at considerable distance(more than five times the thickness of the sill)from the intrusions. We present evidence that the sedimentary sequence can be divided into two units:(1) the bulk poorly lithified sediment with a maximum burial temperature much lower than 60-70 ℃,and(2) thinner intervals outside the contact zone that have experienced hydrothermal temperatures(around 140 ℃). The main diagenetic alteration associated with normal burial diagenesis is minor mechanical plastic deformation of ductile grains such as mica. Mineral grain contacts show no evidence of pressure dissolution and the vitrinite reflectance suggests a maximum temperature of ～40 ℃. Contrary to this, part of the sediment, preferentially along calcite cemented flow baffles, show evidence of hydrothermal alteration. These hydrothermally altered sediment sections are characterized by recrystallized carbonate cemented intervals. Further, the hydrothermal solutions have resulted in localized sericitization(illitization) of feldspars, albitization of both K-feldspar and plagioclase and the formation of fibrous illite nucleated on kaolinite. These observations suggest hydrothermal alteration at T 120-140 ℃ at distances considerably further away than expected from sill heat dissipation by conduction only, which commonly affect sediments about twice the thickness of the sill intrusion. We propose that carbonate-cemented sections acted as flow baffles already during the hydrothermal fluid mobility and controlled the migration pathways of the buoyant hot fluids. Significant hydrothermally induced diagenetic alterations affecting the porosity and hence reservoir quality was not noted in the noncarbonate-cemented reservoir intervals.     

Spatial Variation of Soil Inorganic Carbon Reserves of Typical Estuarine Wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay,China

The storage of inorganic carbon in estuarine wetlands is of great significance for mitigating global warming. The Dagu River estuary and Yanghe River estuary of Jiaozhou Bay were selected as sampling areas, and data analysis was carried out by Duncan method to explore the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) reserves. The results showed that increasing distance from the estuary led to higher reserves in the mudflat along the coastal zone. The scouring action of seawater bodies was the main factor driving this distribution. In the vertical section, the SIC reserves in 40-60 cm depth were relatively high, accounting for 34.11% of the 0-60 cm soil depth, and resulting from the transport of water and salt in seawater. In the river flat along the vertical coastal zone, the SIC reserves first decreased and then increased with increasing distance from the sea, and the SIC reserves in 0-20 cm depth were relatively high in the vertical section, accounting for 38.18% of the 0-60 cm soil depth. These reserves were affected by synergetic factors such as oceanic factors and anthropogenic activities. The invasion of Spartina alterniflora decreased the SIC reserves of wetlands, mainly due to its root transformation and the differences of growth characteristics and years being the main reasons for the observed decreases. Aquaculture activities changed the physical and chemical properties of the soil in aquaculture ponds, and consequently changed the distribution of SIC reserves.