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991.
During the excavation of underground opening, the rock may experience a complex loading path that includes the highly confined compression before excavation, unloading of confining stress and further disturbance of dynamic loading after excavation. By using Rock Failure Process Analysis for Dynamics (RFPA-Dynamics), the failure of rock sequentially subjected to this complex loading path is numerically simulated, in order to examine the rock failure mechanism induced by excavation. The RFPA-Dynamics is firstly used to reproduce the failure of rock under confined compression, followed by unloading of confining pressure, and it is validated against with the existing experimental observation. Then, the failure characteristics of rock specimen sequentially subjected to the quasi-static triaxial loading, unloading of confining pressure and dynamic disturbance are numerically simulated, where the effect of magnitude of axial loading and confining pressure, and duration and amplitude of the dynamic disturbance on the final failure patterns of rock are examined. The numerical results indicate that the arc-shaped spalling damage zone is prone to develop with the increase in the axial pressure and lateral pressure coefficient. As for the effect of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of duration and amplitude of dynamic disturbance on the energy input are similar, where the area of damage zone increases with the energy input into the rock specimen. In this regard, the area of the damage zone is influenced by both the magnitude of in situ stress and waveform of dynamic disturbance. This study denotes that it is of great significance to trace the complex loading path induced by excavation in order to capture the rock failure mechanism induced by underground excavation. 相似文献
992.
塔里木盆地下古生界白云石微区REE配分特征及其成因研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
利用LA-ICP-MS分析手段, 对塔里木盆地下古生界不同类型白云石进行了微区REE分析, 并利用标准海水对白云石REE含量进行了标准化处理(SWN, Sea Water Normalized). 总体上看, 白云石SREE多低于20 ppm (1 ppm=1 mg/g), 绝大多数样品REESWN配分特征类似, 表现为轻稀土富集, 重稀土曲线平缓, Ce正异常明显, 说明它们具有类似的白云岩化流体来源, 即海水来源. 根据白云石成因与成岩特征, 将白云石分为准同生白云石与成岩(改造)白云石两大类, 各自具有不同的REE配分特点: (1) 准同生白云石具有最高的REE含量(大于20 ppm), 且其边部REE含量明显低于核部. 高的REE含量记录了浓缩海水与灰质沉积物相互作用而发生白云岩化的过程, 低REE含量的白云石边缘乃是后期成岩过程中较淡的孔隙流体对其改造的结果. (2) 成岩(改造)白云石又可细分为4类: a) 埋藏白云石, 其REE含量低于准同生白云石, 但高于灰岩, 且边部REE含量高于核部, 说明浓度较高的孔隙流体交代早期灰岩而形成; b) 孔隙充填白云石, 产于白云岩较大孔隙/洞中, 与基质白云石具有类似的REESWN配分特征, Eu异常不明显, 说明白云岩化流体源自成岩流体; c) 重结晶白云石, REE含量普遍较低, 说明重结晶过程中伴随有REE的流失; d) 热液改造充填白云石, REE含量最低, 并具有明显的Eu正异常, 反映其形成与热液活动有关, 并且伴随着REE的大量流失. 因此, 不同类型白云石REE含量变化与配分特征, 较好地记录了它们形成的原始条件与后期变化过程, 是深入研究白云石成因与成岩演化的良好示踪标志. 相似文献
993.
He ZHAO Tongwen WU Laurent Z. X. LI Fanghua WU Weihua JIE Xiangwen LIU Ronghua ZHANG Chengjun XIE 《Journal of Meteorological Research》2022,15(2):360-373
在Niño3.4区(热带太平洋,5°S–5°N,170°–120°W),海表温度(SST)变化与40 m厚的上层海洋整体温度变化高度相关。本文利用1979–2018年第五代海洋再分析系统(ORAS5)的逐月数据,探究了Niño3.4区上层海洋的热量收支情况。重点研究上层40米海洋侧边界的经向纬向热输送及其与温度变化的相关情况。在该区域,温跃层被经向环流分为上下两部分,两者环流结构相反,其中上层辐散,下层辐合。上层海洋的整体平均温度变化是由纬向、经向和垂直热传输的总和决定的,他们量级较大但往往相互抵消。一般来说,从大气输送到海洋的海表热量净通量和从深层海洋向上的热传输会由经向和纬向洋流输送出该区域,只留下小部分用于加热或冷却上层海洋。整个40 m厚度上层海洋有效的海表热量净通量影响SST的量级要远小于水平热通量输送。在年际尺度上,纬向和经向热输送的变化与温度异常呈正相关,而来自海洋次表层的垂直热通量输送则与海温变化异常呈负相关。对5次厄尔尼诺事件和5次拉尼娜事件的综合分析也表明,在厄尔尼诺(变暖)和拉尼娜(降温)的演化过程中,水平输送辐合对温度异常有积极的贡献,而垂直输送则不利于温度变化。 相似文献
994.
Based on Coulomb static stress variation, the stress trigging action of the Mani ( Ms7.9, Nov.1997) earthquake on the West Kuulun Mountains Pass (MsS.1, Nov. 2001 ) earthquake is researched. Results of different source mechanism resolutions show that a 10_3 MPa Coulomb stress due to the Mani earthquake was added to the fracture fault of the Kunlun earthquake, and this may shift the broken date to about 10 years earlier, and infer that the stress level in the crust is not low. Comparing the relationship between strong earthquake strength and frequency and earth rotation change, it is shown that the strength‘s decrease and the variation period‘ s shortening of earth rotation are important controlling factors on strong earthquake activity. This great event with Ms = 8.1 took place probably due to a gradual strengthening background of regional stress field within the Qinghai-Xizang block in the period of acceleration of change of day‘s length and stress triggering from the Mani earthquake. 相似文献
995.
Stefany G. Medellín-González Alma X. González-Morales L. Arturo Ureña-López 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2023,344(1-2):e230026
The so-called scalar field dark matter model assumes that dark matter is an ultralight axon, with its De Broglie wavelength around λ ∼ 1kpc. This can lead to a scale suppression of the mass power spectrum at sub-galactic scales, as compared with the standard cosmological model Λcold dark matter. In this work, we show numerical tests of cosmological simulations of scalar field dark matter using an amended version of the code MG-PICOLA with a double purpose: to validate the results in (Medellín-González et al. 2021), and extend them to higher numerical resolutions. Our cosmological observable of interest is the mass power spectrum, and we make dedicated comparisons with that of cold dark matter to quantify the differences in the nonlinear growth of density perturbations in both models. 相似文献
996.
我国南方地区,特别是四川盆地震旦系灯影组是我国当前高演化天然气勘探的热点,以黔中隆起为例,新揭示了其中发育的热液白云岩化现象,并探讨了其对储层形成的影响。研究区灯影组白云岩溶蚀孔洞或裂缝中见有白云石、石英、沥青充填,其中一种充填的粗晶白云石具有弯曲晶面、波状消光特征,在岩石学特征上初步反映热液成因。地球化学特征进一步揭示了这种热液成因。不同采样位置热液白云石样品中流体包裹体均一温度平均为157.5 ℃~205.8 ℃,最高为253.5 ℃。热液白云石具有较轻的氧同位素组成,δ18OPDB 位于 -15.3‰~-8.6‰之间,平均值为 -11.2‰;较高的87Sr/86 Sr比值(0.709 445~0.713 131),其平均值为0.710 843,在稀土元素组成上,热液白云石具有典型的Eu正异常的特点,δEu值为1.11~7.46,平均值为2.37。因此,灯影组热液白云石发育。热液活动对储层形成具有积极影响,主要体现在对充填在早期岩溶孔洞和构造裂缝中的白云石产生了溶蚀作用,溶蚀孔中见沥青充填,反映为油气运移通道和聚集空间。因此,热液溶蚀改造作用对我国南方地区震旦系灯影组及下古生界碳酸盐岩储层发育可能具有重要意义,值得加强探索研究。 相似文献
997.
Experiments on man-made flawed rock-like materials are applied extensively to study the mechanical behaviour of rock masses as well as crack initiation modes and crack coalescence types. A large number of experiments on specimens containing two or three pre-existing flaws were previously conducted. In the present work, experiments on rock-like materials (formed from a mixture of sand, plaster, limestone and water at mass ratio of 126:9:9:16) containing multiple flaws subjected to uniaxial compression were conducted to further research the effects of the layout of pre-existing flaws on mechanical properties, crack initiation modes and crack coalescence types. Compared with previous experiments in which only three types of cracks were found, the present experiments on specimens containing multiple flaws under uniaxial compression revealed five types of cracks, including wing cracks, quasi-coplanar secondary cracks, oblique secondary cracks, out-of-plane tensile cracks and out-of-plane shear cracks. Ten types of crack coalescence occurred through linkage among wing cracks, quasi-coplanar secondary cracks, oblique secondary cracks, out-of-plane shear cracks and out-of-plane tensile cracks. Moreover, the effects of the non-overlapping length and flaw angle on the complete stress–strain curves, the stress of crack initiation, the peak strength, the peak strain and the elastic modulus were also investigated in detail. 相似文献
998.
胶东金成矿省位于华北克拉通东南缘,是我国最重要的黄金集区,约占全国黄金储量的25%。其中约90%的金资源量集中于胶东半岛的西北部,主要受3个一级断裂带(三山岛断裂带、焦家断裂带和招平断裂带)控制。望儿山金矿床赋存于晚侏罗世玲珑型黑云母花岗岩中,受焦家断裂带的次级断裂带(望儿山断裂带)控制,是胶东地区受二级断裂带控制的已探明规模最大的金矿床,同时发育蚀变岩型矿化和石英脉型矿化。金矿化与硅化和绢云母化蚀变密切相关,矿体多呈脉状,主要为矿区内主干断裂F1和F5控制的1号和5号矿体以及F1和F5的次级断裂控制的3号和23号矿体。矿石分为蚀变岩型和石英脉型,主要由石英、绢云母及黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物等组成。本研究通过详细的野外和岩相学、矿相学观察,依据蚀变特征、脉体穿插关系及矿石结构构造和矿物共生组合,将成矿过程分为四个阶段:黄铁矿-石英-绢云母阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)。针对不同高程、不同成矿阶段、不同矿石类型、不同矿体,系统采集了26件样品,分别挑选石英单矿物进行氢、氧同位素测试,总体δD值分布于-77.3‰~-54.2‰,δ18O值分布于-5.56‰~7.20‰,Ⅰ阶段δD=(-62.2±6.6)‰(n=8),δ18O=(4.60±1.52)‰(n=8);Ⅱ阶段δD=(-62.5±4.5)‰(n=7),δ18O=(0.47±2.86)‰(n=7);Ⅲ阶段δD=(-66.5±3.9)‰(n=8),δ18O=(-0.44±2.21)‰(n=8);Ⅳ阶段δD=(-65.6±4.5)‰(n=3),δ18O=(-4.43±1.09)‰(n=3)。根据氢-氧同位素组成及流体混合作用图解和水-岩交换氢氧同位素演化曲线,得出变质水与大气降水的混合流体与成矿相关。成矿流体来源主要为胶东群变质水,随着成矿作用的进行,更多大气降水混入成矿流体,成矿Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段流体很可能以大气降水为主。成矿流体依据其流动方式主要分为渗透式流动和隧道式流动两种,蚀变岩型矿石的氧同位素组成较为集中,表明渗透式流动很可能是形成蚀变岩型矿石的成矿流体的主要流动方式;石英脉型矿石的δ18O值分布范围较大并小于或等于蚀变岩型矿石的δ18O值,表现出成矿流体的隧道式流动特征。在垂向上δD值表现出由深部到浅部总体降低的趋势,可能是在流体沸腾过程中发生了动力学分馏。横向上δ18O值的变化与已探明的矿体规模之间具有明显的负相关关系,很可能表明F1和F5断裂是具有低δ18O值大气降水下渗的主要通道,混合后的成矿流体沿F1和F5断裂运移的同时向其两侧的次级断裂流动。成矿流体与玲珑黑云母花岗岩不断发生水-岩交换作用,并发生减压沸腾作用,可能是导致望儿山金矿床同位素梯度变化及巨量金沉淀成矿的最主要原因。 相似文献
999.
Jian-gang Han Long-shuai Dou Yong-li Zhu Ping-ping Li 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(1):419-425
Sediment samples, collected from a large shallow lake, Taihu, China, were incubated in two conditions (with and without air extraction) with regard to four soil enzyme’s inhibitors (dry and moist heat sterilizations, chloramphenicol and toluene) to estimate the potential nitrate reductase (Nar) activities. The objectives of paper were to define (1) whether to exclude air from the mixture of sediment and substrate solution prior to incubation was necessary, and (2) the efficacy of four inhibitors when assaying the enzyme. No significant difference between two incubation methods was found (P < 0.05), indicating that it is not necessary for estimating the potential Nar activity in the sediment to construct an initial anaerobic condition by air extractions prior to incubation. Toluene (1.0 mL/g sediment) and dry heat sterilization effectively and persistently inhibit the reduction of nitrate to nitrite during the incubation of 42 h. The authors concluded that both should be used as preferred inhibitors. In contrast, chloramphenicol (30 μg/g sediment) and moist heat sterilization inhibitors restrained nitrate reduction for <24 h only. In addition, it was found that no nitrite produced was substantially reduced in 24 h. Therefore, it should be needless for potential Nar activity estimation in the sediment to add 2,4-dinitrophenol to inhibit nitrite reductase. 相似文献
1000.
Z. Wang R. Zou X. Zhu B. He G. Yuan L. Zhao Y. Liu 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(2):423-436
Water quality restoration efforts often suffer the risk of ineffectiveness and failure due to lack of quantitative decision supports. During the past two decades, the restoration of one of China’s most heavily polluted lakes, Lake Dianchi, has experienced costly decision ineffectiveness with no detectable water quality improvement. The governments are planning to invest tremendous amount of funds in the next 5 years to continue the lake restoration process; however, without a quantitative understanding between the load reduction and the response in lake water quality, it is highly possible that these planned efforts would suffer the similar ineffectiveness as before. To provide scientifically sound decision support for guiding future load reduction efforts in Lake Dianchi Watershed, a sophisticated quantitative cause-and-effect response system was developed using a three-dimensional modeling approach. It incorporates the complex three dimensional hydrodynamics, fate and transport of nutrients, as well as nutrient-algae interactions into one holistic framework. The model results show that the model performs well in reproducing the observed spatial pattern and temporal trends in water quality. The model was then applied to three total maximum daily load scenarios and two refined restoration scheme scenarios to quantify phytoplankton responses to various external load reduction intensities. The results show that the algal bloom in Lake Dianchi responds to load reduction in a complex and nonlinear way, therefore, it is necessary to apply the developed system for future load reduction and lake restoration schemes for more informed decision making and effective management. 相似文献