相控阵天气雷达监测预警龙卷风的过程剖析

天气雷达作为龙卷风监测预警的重要手段之一,应用具有超高时空分辨率的X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达系统,较好地捕获并提前预警龙卷风。以2022年6月19日07时发生在广东佛山南海的一次龙卷风为例,详细剖析龙卷生消及雷达监测预警过程。借助雷达智能预警软件,利用X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达的双偏振量和超高时空分辨率数据,实时反演三维风场和分析龙卷碎片(TVS)特征,能够显著提高龙卷风监测预警水平。实例表明,本次成功地提前18分钟预警龙卷,进一步说明了X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达在强对流天气探测方面具有较强的生命力。     

Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5 ensemble

Twenty-year temperature and precipitation extremes and their projected future changes are evaluated in an ensemble of climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), updating a similar study based on the CMIP3 ensemble. The projected changes are documented for three radiative forcing scenarios. The performance of the CMIP5 models in simulating 20-year temperature and precipitation extremes is comparable to that of the CMIP3 ensemble. The models simulate late 20th century warm extremes reasonably well, compared to estimates from reanalyses. The model discrepancies in simulating cold extremes are generally larger than those for warm extremes. Simulated late 20th century precipitation extremes are plausible in the extratropics but uncertainty in extreme precipitation in the tropics and subtropics remains very large, both in the models and the observationally-constrained datasets. Consistent with CMIP3 results, CMIP5 cold extremes generally warm faster than warm extremes, mainly in regions where snow and sea-ice retreat with global warming. There are tropical and subtropical regions where warming rates of warm extremes exceed those of cold extremes. Relative changes in the intensity of precipitation extremes generally exceed relative changes in annual mean precipitation. The corresponding waiting times for late 20th century extreme precipitation events are reduced almost everywhere, except for a few subtropical regions. The CMIP5 planetary sensitivity in extreme precipitation is about 6 %/°C, with generally lower values over extratropical land.     

���ʻ���̽��ƻ���չ���й������������������ƻ��о�

??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????SGG-Doppler??VLBI???????????????????????????й???????????????????????????????SGG-Doppler-VLBI????????????????????????     

Climatic response of thick leaf spruce (Picea crassifolia) tree-ring width at different elevations over Qilian Mountains, northwestern China

Tree-ring cores of thick leaf spruce (Picea crassifolia) taken from four sites at different elevations, in the middle of the Qilian Mountains, in the arid and semi-arid region of northwestern China, were used to develop four tree-ring width chronologies using standard dendrochronological methods. Results indicate that with increasing altitude the chronologies’ year-to-year variations decreased. Hence, the sensitivity of the tree-ring chronologies to climate decreases with altitude. Further analysis showed that the significant limiting factor on tree growth is spring precipitation. Measurements of stomata density and leaf dry weight suggest the species’ ecological adaptation strategy changes with elevation. At high elevation the metabolic rate of thick leaf spruce decreases, thus showing the effect of the climate.     

Fe3+ in shocked olivine crystals of the ALHA 77005 meteorite

ALHA 77005, a shocked achondrite of the shergottite group, is unique in containing cumulus olivine crystals which display a brownish color in thin section. Mössbauer, EPR, and optical spectroscopic studies show the presence of Fe³⁺ in the olivine. Approximately 4.5 wt.% of the total iron in the olivine (24 wt.% as FeO) is in the trivalent state. The Fe³⁺ ions preferentially occupy M2 lattice positions. Charge transfer between Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ as well as between Fe³⁺ and oxygen ligands causes a broad absorption band in the optical spectrum at high energies which is the reason for the olivine color. It is concluded that the color of the ALHA 77005 olivine is preterrestrial and may be the result of shock-induced oxidation of the olivine crystals on the meteorite parent body.     

Thermal stability of red giants

The thermal stability of stars with a condensed core and an extended convective envelope (red giants) is discussed. It is shown that the thernal stability is determined by the way the opacity of the photosphere depends on density and temperature. In particular, the H^? opacity in red giants' photospheres ensures their stability.     

省区碳经济分析的CGE模型及其应用——以河南省为例

作为一种最划算的减排措施,碳税已在个别国家开始实施。编制河南省社会核算矩阵表（SAM）及其他区域SAM,构建了一个30部门的双区域的可计算一般均衡模型（CGE）,分析对能源产业（煤炭开采和洗选业、石油和天然气开采业、石油炼焦核燃料加工业和燃气生产和供应业）分别征收不同价格的碳税后,河南省经济及人民生活水平的变化情况。并考虑不同类型的碳税返还情景带来的居民和企业效益,以期为通用的双区域CGE模型提供依据。模拟结果显示：碳税的征收可以有效减少CO₂的排放;导致河南省增加值的下降;能源产业中煤炭开采和洗选业的国内价格受负面影响最大;其他行业中农林牧渔业受到的负面影响较大。农村居民比城市居民对碳税政策的反应更加敏感,且碳税对农村居民带来的影响为负面的。对比分析的结果表明,碳税返还给农村居民是一个合适的选择,能够使得农村居民、城镇居民和企业的利益都得到保障。     

OH超脉泽源的模型与统计分析

本文提出OH超脉泽源的一个具体模型,在该模型中OH超脉泽源由非饱和的球型子源组成.在此估算出超脉泽星系致密射电核的尺度和连续谱亮温度,以及OH源距星系核的最小非饱和距离.计算表明,OH超脉泽源所包含的子源数目可能相当大.R_H～log ρ_(25μm)/ρ_(60μm)图、log L_(OH)/L_(IR)～log ρ_(25μm)/ρ_(60μm)图和其它结果显示,有一部分OH超脉泽源很可能是弱饱和的,本文对此作了解释.     

论中国名山的分类

名山分类是山地旅游资源开发的重要理论之一．按成因、属性和功能等不同标准,将中国名山分成地质、气候、历史、文化、政治、军事、揽胜、探险、科考、健身等17个主要类型．     

Seismology of a Sunspot Atmosphere

Two competing theories of sunspot oscillations are discussed. It is pointed out that the normal mode (eigenoscillations) theory is in contradiction with a number of observations. The reasons for this are discussed. The revised filter theory of the three-minute sunspot oscillations is outlined. It is shown that the reason for the occurrence of the multipassband filter for the slow waves is the interference that appears from the multilayer structure of the sunspot atmosphere. In contrast with Zhugzhda and Locans (Sov. Astron. Lett. 7, 25?–?27, 1981) it is shown that along with the Fabry?–?Perot chromospheric passband the cutoff frequency passband and a number of the high-frequency passbands occur. The effect of the nonlinearity of the sunspot oscillations in the upper chromosphere and the transition region is taken into account. The spectra of the distinct empirical models of the sunspot atmosphere are explored. An example of the interpretation of the sunspot oscillations based on the revised filter theory is presented. Only the filter theory can explain the complicated behavior of the oscillations across the sunspot. The observations provide evidence of the nonuniformity of the sunspot atmosphere.