琼中地震台典型震例记录特征

通过对琼中地震台CDSN数字地震仪记录的具有典型震例的分析,提高了日常分析水平及大震速报质量.     

2008年3月30日肃南Ms5．0地震前兆异常特征研究

对张掖中心地震台近期的前兆资料进行全面论证,并结合祁连山地震带地震活动性特征,对2008年3月30日肃南5.0级地震前兆异常特征进行研究.结果认为:此次地震的发生基本符合祁连山地震带地震活动的周期性特征,部分前兆资料有明显的短临异常显示.     

塔里木盆地下古生界白云石微区REE配分特征及其成因研究

利用LA-ICP-MS分析手段, 对塔里木盆地下古生界不同类型白云石进行了微区REE分析, 并利用标准海水对白云石REE含量进行了标准化处理(SWN, Sea Water Normalized). 总体上看, 白云石SREE多低于20 ppm (1 ppm=1 mg/g), 绝大多数样品REESWN配分特征类似, 表现为轻稀土富集, 重稀土曲线平缓, Ce正异常明显, 说明它们具有类似的白云岩化流体来源, 即海水来源. 根据白云石成因与成岩特征, 将白云石分为准同生白云石与成岩(改造)白云石两大类, 各自具有不同的REE配分特点: (1) 准同生白云石具有最高的REE含量(大于20 ppm), 且其边部REE含量明显低于核部. 高的REE含量记录了浓缩海水与灰质沉积物相互作用而发生白云岩化的过程, 低REE含量的白云石边缘乃是后期成岩过程中较淡的孔隙流体对其改造的结果. (2) 成岩(改造)白云石又可细分为4类: a) 埋藏白云石, 其REE含量低于准同生白云石, 但高于灰岩, 且边部REE含量高于核部, 说明浓度较高的孔隙流体交代早期灰岩而形成; b) 孔隙充填白云石, 产于白云岩较大孔隙/洞中, 与基质白云石具有类似的REESWN配分特征, Eu异常不明显, 说明白云岩化流体源自成岩流体; c) 重结晶白云石, REE含量普遍较低, 说明重结晶过程中伴随有REE的流失; d) 热液改造充填白云石, REE含量最低, 并具有明显的Eu正异常, 反映其形成与热液活动有关, 并且伴随着REE的大量流失. 因此, 不同类型白云石REE含量变化与配分特征, 较好地记录了它们形成的原始条件与后期变化过程, 是深入研究白云石成因与成岩演化的良好示踪标志.     

粤北存在早侏罗世的岩浆活动——来自霞岚杂岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学的证据

报道了粤北梅州地区霞岚杂岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄,花岗岩(196±2)Ma,辉长岩(195±1)Ma,为中国东南部缺少200~180Ma期间的岩浆岩报道增添了新资料,又表明了滨太平洋构造域至少在195Ma左右已经开始作用于中国东南部.野外揭露的新鲜露头上,辉长岩与花岗岩之间有岩浆部分混合作用现象.辉长岩局部发育20~30cm的细粒边,从辉长岩往花岗岩方向逐渐变细;花岗岩中发育大量暗色细粒-微粒闪长质岩浆包体,形态多样、大小不一,边部有暗色矿物集中现象,部分界线呈截然、模糊或过渡关系;包体中出现针状磷灰石;辉长岩类与花岗质岩石的稀土配分模式基本一致,其微量元素特征也具有明显的一致性;二者年龄十分接近,且基性岩略晚于花岗岩形成.这些特征均表明,早侏罗世基性岩浆注入引起了深部陆壳物质的熔融,并形成了酸性岩浆,然后二者发生混合产生了霞岚杂岩.     

The relationship between the growth process of the ferromanganese crusts in the pacific seamount and Cenozoic ocean evolvement

Base on the Os isotope stratigraphy together with the empirical growth rate models using Co concentrations, the growth ages of the ferromanganese crusts MHD79 and MP3D10 distributed in the seamount of Pacific are confirmed. Through the contrast and research on the previous achievements including ODP Leg 144 and the crusts CD29-2, N5E-06 and N1–15 of the seamount of the Central Pacific, the uniform five growth and growth hiatus periods of them are found, and closely related to the Cenozoic ocean evolvement process. In the Paleocene Carbon Isotope Maximum (PCIM), the rise of the global ocean productivity promoted the growth of the seamount crust; the first growth hiatus (I) of the ferromanganese crust finished. In the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), though the vertical exchange of seawater was weakened, the strong terrestrial chemical weathering led to the input of a great amount of the terrigenous nutrients, which made the bioproductivity rise, so there were no crust hiatuses. During 52–50 Ma, the Early Eocene Optimum Climate (EECO), the two poles were warm, the latitudinal temperature gradient was small, the wind-driven sea circulation and upwelling activity were weak, the terrestrial weathering was also weakened, the open ocean bioproductivity decreased, and the ferromanganese crust had growth hiatus again (II). From early Middle Eocene-Late Eocene, Oligocene, it was a long-term gradually cooling process, the strengthening of the sea circulation and upwelling led to a rise of bioproductivity, and increase of the content of the hydrogenous element Fe, Mn and Co and the biogenous element Cu, Zn, so that was the most favorable stage for the growth of ferromanganese crust (growth periods III and IV) in the studied area. The hiatus III corresponded with the Eocene- Oligocene boundary, is inferred to relate with the global climate transformation, celestial body impact event in the Eocene-Oligocene transition. From the early to the middle Miocene, a large-scale growth hiatus (hiatus period IV) of the ferromanganese crust in the studied area is inferred to relate with temporary warm up climate and ephemeral withdrawal of Antarctic bottom water in the early Miocene. After that, the Antarctic ice sheets extended, the bottom water circumfluence strengthened, the ocean fertility increased, and the once interrupted crust continued to grow in the late Miocene (growth period V). Supported by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association “10th Five Year” Topic (Grant No. DY105-01-04-14)     

On stress-forecasting strategy of earthquakes from stress buildup,stress shadow and stress transfer (SSS) based on numerical approach

Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), used for monitoring crust deformation, are found to be very promising in earthquake prediction subject to stress-forecasting. However, it is recognized that unless we can give reasonable explanations of these curious precursory phenomena that continue to be serendipitously observed from time to time, such high technology of GPS or InSAR is difficult to be efficiently used. Therefore, a proper model revealing the relation between earthquake evolution and stress variation, such as the phenomena of stress buildup, stress shadow and stress transfer (SSS), is crucial to the GPS or InSAR based earthquake prediction. Here we address this question through a numerical approach of earthquake development using an intuitive physical model with a map-like configuration of discontinuous fault system. The simulation provides a physical basis for the principle of stress-forecasting of earthquakes based on SSS and for the application of GPS or InSAR in earthquake prediction. The observed SSS associated phenomena with images of stress distribution during the failure process can be continuously simulated. It is shown that the SSS are better indicators of earthquake precursors than that of seismic foreshocks, suggesting a predictability of earthquakes based on stress-forecasting strategy.     

Short-term and imminent geomagnetic anomalies of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and exploration on earthquake forecast

The diurnal variation of the geomagnetic vertical component is exhibited mainly by changes of phase and amplitude before strong earthquakes. Based on data recorded by the network of geomagnetic observatories in China for many years, the anomalous features of the appearance time of the minima of diurnal variations (i.e, low-point time) of the geomagnetic vertical components and the variation of their spatial distribution (i.e, phenomena of low-point displacement) have been studied before the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake. The strong aftershocks after two months' quiescence of M6 aftershocks of the M_S8.0 event were forecasted based on these studies. There are good correlativities between these geomagnetic anomalies and occurrences of earthquakes. It has been found that most earthquakes occur near the boundary line of sudden changes of the low-point time and generally within four days before or after the 27th or 41st day counting from the day of the appearance of the anomaly. In addition, the imminent anomalies in diurnal-variation amplitudes near the epicentral areas have also been studied before the Wenchuan earthquake.     

Distribution and speciation of mercury in surficial sediments from main mangrove wetlands in China

The purpose of this study was to establish the distribution, speciation and bioavailability of mercury in mangrove sediments. A systemic survey of surficial sediments from 13 mangrove wetlands of China was carried out. Hg concentrations ranged from 2.3–903.6 ng g⁻¹, with an average value of 189.4 ng g⁻¹. Of the 13 areas surveyed, the Hg content in sediments was similar to background levels in 6 areas but was much higher in the other seven areas. Hg levels were affected by natural and anthropogenic factors, including terrestrial pollutants, geomorphic properties, and indirectly by economic status. Hg levels were positively correlated with organic matter, pH, and silt and clay fractions, but Hg was negatively correlated with sand fraction. In most mangrove wetlands, Hg existed primarily in the form of volatile Hg. Hg is easily bioaccumulated in mangrove wetlands and may be the natural source of Hg emissions to the atmosphere.     

库姆塔格沙漠的“羽毛状沙丘”形态的观测

参照卫星照片和地形图,实地观测了库姆塔格沙漠“羽毛状沙丘”分布区域的地貌。新月型“沙垄”是该区域的主导性地貌类型,垄间地形波状起伏。如果将“沙垄”喻为“羽轴”,垄间的波状起伏地形为“羽枝”,则可构成卫星照片所显示的“羽毛状沙丘”。新月型“沙垄”的走向为NE-SW,由新月形沙丘前一沙丘的迎风坡与后一沙丘的东翼相连而成,高3~19m,宽约50m,长15~22km。“垄”间起伏地形的波长为100~300m,振幅为40~100cm,与“沙垄”成60~105°夹角。在波状起伏地形的波峰与波谷过渡区堆积颜色较浅的细沙,厚2~7cm,构成了“大沙波”。实地观测的“羽毛状沙丘”的形态与卫星照片显示的形态有一定差异。