Semianalytical solutions for stream depletion in partially penetrating streams

In the analysis of streamflow depletion, the Hunt (1999) solution has an important advantage because it considers a partially penetrating stream. By extending the Hunt drawdown solution, this paper presents semianalytical solutions for gaining streams that evaluate the induced stream infiltration and base flow reduction separately. Simulation results show that for a given deltah (the initial hydraulic head difference between stream and aquifer beneath the channel), the base flow reduction is in direct proportion to the product of streambed leakage (lambda) and the distance between pumping well and stream (L), and the induced stream infiltration is in inverse proportion to lambdaL. Deltah has a significant effect on the ratio of stream infiltration to base flow reduction. The results from the semianalytical solutions agree well with those from MODFLOW simulations. The semianalytical solutions are useful in the verification of numerical simulations and in the analysis of stream-aquifer interactions where water quantity or quality is concerned.     

中国大陆的地震破裂尺度关系

震级与破裂尺度的关系描述了断层破裂的长度、宽度和面积随地震震级变化的特征。地震危险性模型中需要这些参数,以便将模型地震拟合到断层上,并确定地震动预测方程所需的地震破裂距离。我们收集了中国大陆及邻区91次地震的震级和破裂参数,以研究中国大陆震级—破裂尺度关系,并发现由不同方法得到的地下破裂长度(RLD)与震级关系不存在系统性偏差。我们使用广义正交回归法给出了地下破裂长度与震级和破裂宽度之间的关系,然后推导出破裂面积与震级之间的关系式。如果不考虑中国东部1900年以前的5次大地震,则我们的关系式与使用全球数据给出的结果统计上无差异。但是,如果考虑这5次大地震,中国东部大型走滑地震的震级—破裂长度尺度关系计算出的破裂长度比中国西部和世界其他板块边界相同震级地震的要短。     

Risks posed by trace organic contaminants in coastal sediments in the Pearl River Delta, China

Local marine environments in China's Pearl River Delta (PRD), the most rapidly developing region in one of the world's fastest growing economies, have been experiencing significant environmental stress during the past decades. This investigation was conducted to determine the status and trends of persistence organic pollutants (POPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and dioxin-related compounds in marine sediments collected from sixteen coastal stations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in March 2003. Elevated concentrations of PAHs (94-4300 ng/g), PCBs (6.0-290 ng/g), PHCs (14-150 microg/g), and DDTs (1.4-600 ng/g) were detected in sediment samples. In addition, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-like activities in the sediment samples were estimated to range from 0.3 to 440 pg TCDD-EQ/g. Sediments collected from Xiashan contained the greatest concentrations of trace organic contaminations amongst all the sampling stations in the present study. The degree of trace organic contamination was, in general, more severe at stations situated along the west shores of the PRD than their counterparts in the east. A preliminary assessment was performed to examine the probable risks to the marine ecosystem due to POPs. The results showed that OC pesticide contamination in the PRD was particularly serious and might pose a threat to the health of the marine inhabitants.     

Seasonal and spatial dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in Victoria Harbour and its vicinity before and after sewage abatement

This study investigated the seasonal and spatial dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass at 12 stations in Hong Kong (HK) waters during a three year period from 2004 to 2006 after upgraded sewage treatment and compared these results to observations before sewage treatment. Pearl River estuary (PRE) discharge significantly increased NO(3) and SiO(4) concentrations, particularly in western and southern waters when rainfall and river discharge was maximal in summer. Continuous year round discharge of sewage effluent resulted in high NH(4) and PO(4) in Victoria Harbour (VH) and its vicinity. In winter, spring and fall, the water column at all stations was moderately mixed by winds and tidal currents, and phytoplankton biomass was relatively low compared to summer. In summer, the mean surface phytoplankton chl biomass was generally > 9 microL(-1) in most areas as a result of thermohaline stratification, and high nutrients, light, and water temperature. In summer, the potential limiting nutrient is PO(4) in the most productive southern waters and it seldom decreased to limiting levels ( approximately 0.1 microM), suggesting that phytoplankton growth may be only episodically limiting. The mean bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) remained > 3.5 mg L(-1) at most stations, indicating that the eutrophication impact in HK waters was not as severe as expected for such a eutrophic area. After the implementation of chemically enhanced primary sewage treatment in 2001, water quality in VH improved as indicated by a significant decrease in NH(4) and PO(4) and an increase in bottom DO. In contrast, there were an increase in chl a and NO(3), and a significant decrease in bottom DO in southern waters in summer, suggesting that hypoxic events are most likely to occur in this region if phytoplankton biomass and oxygen consumption keep increasing and exceed the buffering capacity of HK waters maintained by monsoon winds, tidal mixing and zooplankton grazing. Therefore, future studies on the long-term changes in nutrient loading from PRE and HK sewage discharge will be crucial for developing future strategies of sewage management in HK waters.     

A new method for the interpretation of pumping tests in leaky aquifers

A novel methodology for the interpretation of pumping tests in leaky aquifer systems, referred to as the double inflection point (DIP) method, is presented. The method is based on the analysis of the first and second derivatives of the drawdown with respect to log time for the estimation of the flow parameters. Like commonly used analysis procedures, such as the type-curve approach developed by Walton (1962) and the inflection point method developed by Hantush (1956), the mathematical development of the DIP method is based on the assumption of homogeneity of the leaky aquifer layers. However, contrary to the two methods developed by Hantush and Walton, the new method does not need any fitting process. In homogeneous media, the two classic methods and the one proposed here provide exact results for transmissivity, storativity, and leakage factor when aquifer storage is neglected and the recharging aquifer is unperturbed. The real advantage of the DIP method comes when applying all methods independently to a test in a heterogeneous aquifer, where each method yields parameter values that are weighted differently, and thus each method provides different information about the heterogeneity distribution. Therefore, the methods are complementary and not competitive. In particular, the combination of the DIP method and Hantush method is shown to lead to the identification of contrasts between the local transmissivity in the vicinity of the well and the equivalent transmissivity of the perturbed aquifer volume.     

黄河上游盆地重组所导致的快速侵蚀下切

高起伏的造山高原边缘的快速剥蚀常被用来指代区域地表隆升~(1～3)。然而,诸如岩体隆升的空间差异~4,降雨的地形效应以及冰川~5、滑坡导致的河道堵塞~(6,7)等阻碍河流下切的因素,可能会使剥蚀作用严重滞后于地表抬升~8。本文中,我们通过研究青藏高原东北缘黄河沿岸沉积盆地的地层学、年代学和地貌学特征,重建黄河上游侵蚀下切的时间、速率以及模式。我们发现河流下切的起始时间明显晚于山体开始隆升的时间(14～8Ma)~9。高原边缘的河流下切始于1.8Ma~(10),然后以大约350km/Ma的速度向上游传递~(11)。我们认为该地区在气候驱动下的湖泊扩张并溢出作用是黄河上游快速下切的主要原因,并最终导致了现代黄河地貌的形成。     

中太平洋铁锰结壳元素间的关系及其对结壳成因的意义

海洋铁锰氧化物作为潜在的海洋资源在过去20年中得到了很大的重视，因为它们富集Co、Cu、Ni、Mn和Pt．在海洋环境中，Fe～Mn．氧化物可分成3种沉积类型：成岩成因型、水成成因型和热液成因型（Halbach，1986）．这些类型当中，水成成因的结完在中太平洋海山中为最重要的沉积物．最近的研究表明Fe－Mn氧化物不仅是重要的矿物资源，而且还是潜在的古海洋记录（McMurtfy等，1994）。最近水成成因结壳测年方法的提高使Fe－Mn结壳中的古海洋记录与大范围的地质事件联系起来成为可能（McMurtry，1994）．进而，Fe－Mn结亮一般的生长速率（…     

Effects of Sediment-induced Stratification on Floc Breakup in an Idealized Tidal Estuary： A Numerical Modelling Study

Floc breakup dynamics are studied by a sediment transport numerical model in an idealized tidal estuary that has a constant water depth and rapid flocculation of cohesive sediments. The focus is placed on the effects of boundary layer stratification induced by a bottom nepheloid layer on floc breakup and size distribution in the water column. In a neutrally stratified estuary, the floc size distribution follows a parabolic function with maximum values at the surface and bottom. The sediment-induced stratification in the bottom boundary layer increases the median floc sizes. Furthermore, sediment-voided convection caused by the settling lutocline generates significant turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and reduces floc size at the depth where the convective mixing happens. Below that depth, a weak local maxima in the floc size is predicted due to presence of the lutocline. The effect of sediment-stratified bottom boundary layer on the floc breakup can be consistently approximated by a linear regression between the maximal floc size and flux Richardson number.     

中科院地化所:辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年分析方法取得重要进展

精确厘定金属矿床的成矿时代对揭示成矿动力学背景,探讨成矿物质、成矿流体来源和建立切合实际的矿床成因模式具有重要意义。矿石矿物或金属矿物的Re-Os同位素体系是金属矿床直接定年和示踪的重要手段,辉钼矿含有较高的Re含量(ppm级别)且基本不含普通Os, 是最理想的定年对象。目前常用的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素分析方法是卡洛斯管密闭酸溶法,该方法具有空白低的优点,但流程相对复杂且卡洛斯管有发生爆炸的危险,需要专业人士操作,同时分析成本较高。     

Tracing of dissolved organic matter from the Sepetiba Bay (Brazil) by PARAFAC analysis of total luminescence matrices

Fluorescent excitation-emission matrices (FEEM) of the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) are widely used for DOM characterization and tracing. In this work, a set of FEEM from sampling campaigns in the Sepetiba Bay (Brazil) was decomposed into independent components using the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) algorithm. Four independent components were extracted describing the total fluorescence of the FDOM. The well described peaks A, C, M, B and T were found, and a new peak, A', linked to the C peak, was detected. Relative contribution of each of four components to the total fluorescence confirms that the coastal water has DOM of terrestrial origin, except for the 275Ex/400-500Em range (nm), which primarily occurs in marine waters.