基于DEM的洪涝灾害信息提取与损失估算

数字高程模型(DEM)作为洪涝灾害遥感研究的辅助信息源可以提供两类信息,一是地面点的高程和所处地形部位以及与邻域的相互关系等方面的背景数据,二是研究区高程-面积关系、高程-容积关系及面积-容积关系等基本关系信息。利用这些背景数据和基本关系信息,结合洪水期遥感图像的解译,可以获取洪水淹没范围、淹没区积水量、水深、淹没历时以及作物受灾程度等灾情信息。本文阐述了这种研究的原理和方法。     

Hydrogeochemistry of Water in Coal Measures during Grouting Treatment of Taoyuan Mine,China

Permian coal measure sandstone fissure water (referred to as “coal measure water,” that is, water in coal measures) is one of the important water sources for industrial and agricultural activities in mining areas. However, the regional high-pressure grouting, one of the most widely used floor control methods, may affect the coal measure water which is connected with limestone aquifer. This study used Taoyuan mine, a typical coal mine in Huaibei coalfield, as the research area to study the influencing mechanism of a grouting treatment on the hydrogeochemical evolution of coal measure water. The hydrogeochemical characteristics and water-rock interaction mechanism of the coal measure water before and during the treatment were evaluated using a Piper trigram, ion combination ratio, and hydrogen-oxygen stable isotope. The anions and cations in the coal measure water before and during the treatment had the same trends at SO₄²⁻ > HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ and Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺, respectively. Hydrochemical types of coal measure water before treatment were mainly SO₄·Cl-Ca·Mg, SO₄·Cl-Na, and HCO₃-Na, and during treatment they were mainly SO₄·Cl-Na and HCO₃-Na. The formation of chemical components of coal measure water before treatment was mainly caused by carbonate dissolution, sulfate dissolution, and pyrite oxidation. During the treatment, sulfate dissolution and pyrite oxidation were the main geochemical processes, and ion exchange was enhanced. Atmospheric precipitation was the source of all water samples, and all showed an obvious ¹⁸O drift.     

连云港地震台BBVS-120、CTS-1E型地震计系统性能对比

通过对连云港地震台BBVS-120、CTS-1E型地震计台基噪声功率谱分析,正弦标定和脉冲标定计算分析,近震和远震震级对比分析,研究在实际工作中2种地震计性能差异,对比观测数据质量,检验稳定性,以期为地震监测及相关研究工作提供依据。     

洱海沉积物中有机质和DNA的分布特征

测定了洱海沉积物中有机碳、氮,提取了沉积物中的DNA。有机碳氮呈现相同的变化趋势降解主要发生在表层10cm;7cm前后氧化-还原条件变化,微生物电子受体改变,所以有机质的降解方式不同,出现不同的特征。利用分子生物学和地球化学相结合的方法,能更全面的认识和理解早期成岩过程。     

气候变暖情景下黄河上游径流的可能变化

根据水文气象台站观测资料, 分析了全球变暖情景下黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域温度、降水和径流的变化状况, 并采用假定气候组合对未来数十年黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域的径流变化进行了预测. 结果表明: 黄河上游的温度与全球变暖有着明显的对应关系, 近几十年来, 流域各个地方的温度有不同程度的上升. 降水变化因流域各地所处位置、地势、地形的不同而差异较大, 受温度上升和主要产流区域降水大幅减少的影响, 近10余年来黄河上游的径流量呈持续递减的态势. 在未来几十年, 如果遭遇到气温升幅与降水减幅较大的"暖-干"气候组合时, 流域产水量将有较大的减幅; 当气温变化不大而降水增幅较大时, 流域产水量将有明显的增加, 同时由于冰雪及冻土融水的补给, 此气候情景下黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域径流量的增幅还将略大于降水量的增幅.     

Excitation of Annual Polar Wobble by Global Oceans

A reasonable and quantitative result on the variation of polar wobble excited by the oceans is not available at present. Numerous researches have shown that atmospheric motion is the greatest excitation source for the seasonal variations in the polar wobble and that oceanic motion is one of the main remaining excitation sources. The excitation of variation in the annual polar wobble caused by oceans from 1992 to 2004 both globally and in latitude dependence, have been studied in depth by means of the new generation of SODA oceanic data assimilation (SODA-1.4.2 and SODA-1.4.3) and the ECCO oceanic data assimilation. The result shows that the variation in the seasonal polar wobble excited by the SODA oceans is very close to that of the residual after the action of the atmosphere and land water is deducted from the geodesic excitation function for a large part of the investigated time interval, and that there is overall agreement between the two as regards the annual amplitude and phase. In addition, in comparison with the result of early SODA-Bata 7, the new generation of SODA oceanic excitation has achieved obvious improvements. The latitude distributions of the excitations of the annual polar wobble by the SODA and ECCO oceans are consistent in the Greenwich direction, while having obvious differences in the direction of 90° E.     

Geochemistry of Ore Fluids and Rb-Sr Isotopic Dating for the Wulong Gold Deposit in Liaoning, China

On the basis of detailed geological studies of the Wulong gold deposit, three metallogenic stages can be identified. With quartz fluid inclusions as an object of study, the authors investigated phase characteristics, compositional variations, temperature and pressure changes, fluid evolution, Pb isotope tracing and Rb-Sr isotopic dating of fluid inclusions entrapped in the above three metallogenic stages. The results show that Na+ is decreased obviously with metallogenic evolution, while K+ and other cations and gas compositions (H2, CO, CH4 and CO2) are increased slightly, and that the temperature and salinity vary in a pulsating manner along with the metallogenic evolution. Inverse calculation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that at the first metallogenic stage the fluids were magmatic water, at the second stage they were dominated by magmatic water with a minor amount of meteoric water involved, and at the third stage, i.e., the final stage of metallogenesis, the fluids were composed complete     

当代生物多样性剧减与古-中生代之交生物绝灭的对比

18世纪以来人类活动对环境造成了强烈破坏,给生物多样性带来了巨大损失.为了了解生物多样性的变化趋势,利用"绝灭物种统计法"、"种-区曲线法"和化石记录对400年以来的生物多样性和古-中生代之交的生物绝灭进行了分析.当代生物多样性剧减表现为物种的快速绝灭(从8×104种/Ma增大到1.2×106种/Ma),而属的绝灭几乎为0;古-中生代之交生物绝灭的初始阶段也表现为物种的快速绝灭(从40种/Ma增大到150种/Ma),并且这个阶段的属的绝灭速率远低于绝灭高峰阶段的相应值(即66属/Ma远小于465属/Ma),可见当代生物多样性剧减相当于二叠-三叠系之交生物绝灭的初始阶段.     

Measuring global energy-related sulfur oxides emissions embodied in trade: a multi-regional and multi-sectoral analysis

Sulfur oxides (SO_X) emissions embodied in trade (SEET) may play an important role in affecting national responsibilities toward pollutant emission reduction within the context of global greenhouse gas emission policy. This paper analyzes the change of the SEET associated with energy consumption from the perspective of a country and a sector between 1995 and 2011, exploring the evolution characteristic of the sources and flows of the SEET for 39 countries, as well as measuring the production-based and consumption-based global SO_X emissions’ inventory and investigating the impact of international trade on the allocation of national pollutant emissions’ reduction obligations. One important finding is that the volume of SO_X emissions embodied in global trade increased dramatically from 1995 to 2011, and the global SO_X emissions stemming from anthropogenic energy consumption are mostly from China and the USA. Another important finding is that, referring to specific sectors, whether seen from the total SEET or from the sources of SEET or from the total SO_X emissions occurring from economic consumption and production, energy sectors, like electricity, gas, and water supply and coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel, are the main contributors to the increase in the global SO_X emissions. Notably, however, our results show that the sector of agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing should be allocated more SO_X emission reduction responsibilities under a consumption-based emissions’ accounting inventory.

     

蚌埠五河地区金矿床成矿物质来源及其年代学研究——以河口和荣渡金矿床为例

安徽省蚌埠五河地区河口和荣渡金矿床是华北地台东南缘蚌埠台隆和五河台坳邻接区域的两个金矿床。本文通过对比研究河口和荣渡金矿床的地质特征、流体包裹体地球化学、Re-Os同位素以及H-O-S同位素特征,来厘定其形成时代、探讨其成矿物质来源和成矿过程。河口及荣渡金矿床矿体主要呈细脉浸染状、脉状和网脉状赋存于古太古代西堌堆地层中,成矿过程可划分为4个阶段:(1)石英脉阶段(早阶段);(2)石英-黄铁矿阶段(早阶段);(3)石英-多金属硫化物阶段(中阶段);(4)碳酸盐阶段(晚阶段);其中,中阶段为金的主要矿化时期。河口和荣渡金矿床早阶段(石英脉和石英-黄铁矿阶段)的石英内发育富液两相包裹体(WL型)、富气两相包裹体(WG)以及少量的含子晶的气液固三相包裹体(S型),均一温度为322～412℃,盐度介于5. 56%～15. 67%NaCleqv之间,属于高温中低盐度流体体系;中阶段(石英-多金属硫化物脉阶段)石英内发育有富液两相包裹体(WL型)、富气两相包裹体(WG),均一温度为257～357℃,盐度介于3. 06%～7. 45%NaCleqv之间,属于中高温低盐度流体体系。从成矿早阶段到主成矿阶段流体的盐度和温度都发生了较大程度的降低,推测矿化过程可能是由流体温度和盐度的降低引起的。成矿阶段石英中流体水的δ~(18)O值介于5. 01‰～7. 90‰之间,δD_(V-SMOW)值介于-89‰～-65‰之间,表明两个矿床的成矿流体为主要为岩浆水。河口金矿床矿石中的黄铁矿δ~(34)S值介于3. 89‰～9. 65‰之间,荣渡金矿床方铅矿δ~(34)S值为0. 76‰,表明河口及荣渡金矿床δ~(34)S值具有岩浆硫的特征,后期由于岩浆去气作用或地层硫的参与使矿石中的δ~(34)S值升高。因此,这两个金矿床可能是与岩浆热液有关的热液石英脉型金矿床。对荣渡金矿床矿石的黄铁矿进行Re-Os同位素定年,确定金矿床形成于134±19Ma,结合前人对该地区所做的岩浆岩定年工作,推测荣渡金矿床的成矿可能与区内130Ma左右的岩浆活动密切相关。