Investigating the Sensitivity of Marine Fog to Physical and Microphysical Processes Using Large-Eddy Simulation

Boundary-Layer Meteorology - Over the past few years large-eddy simulation (LES) has demonstrated success in modelling continental radiation fog, and several recent studies have used LES to...     

Turbulent exchange over a surface with chessboard-type inhomogeneities

The results of an experiment carried out in the summer of 1988 in the forest-steppe region of the USSR are given. The aim of the experiment was to study turbulent exchange between the atmosphere and a non-homogeneous underlying surface consisting of a patchwork quilt of agricultural lands sown with different crops (hereafter called chessboard-type inhomogeneities). Simultaneous measurements of turbulent fluxes of heat, momentum and humidity by the eddy-correlation methods and also the measurements of the mean wind velocity and temperature are described. The values of turbulent fluxes calculated from the profile measurements are in good agreement with those obtained from the eddy-correlation measurements. Thus it may be concluded that the universal functions of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (determined from measurements over a flat and homogeneous underlying surface) pertain also to a non-homogeneous (chessboard-type) underlying surface.     

Beziehungen zwischen Ligurischen Alpen und Nordapennin

Zusammenfassung Der nördliche Teil der ligurischen Alpen zieht zwischen Ronco und Genua nur scheinbar in den südwestlichen Teil des Nordapennin hinein. Beim Verfolgen der westalpinen tektonischen Serien stellt man fest, daß keine alpine Einheit in den Nordapennin eintritt, dessen Gesteine vielmehr einem eigenen ligurischen Trog entstammen und der in den Hügeln von Turin sich fortsetzt. Westalpen und Apennin laufen hier aneinander vorbei. Der eigenständige ligurische Trog liegt zwischen Südalpin und Hochpenninikum in einem Bereich, der in den Alpen (Graubünden) zum unterostalpinen Gebiet wird. Die Frage nach einem Deckenbau im Nordapennin bleibt offen infolge der starken Diapirfaltung der Argille scagliose und der daraus entstehenden wechselnden Vergenzen. Es wird ein Vergleich der Flyschmassen vom Embrunais und Ubaye über die ligurischen Alpen bis zum Nordapennin durchgeführt und zuletzt auf das Alter der Bewegungen und die bis heute fortschreitende Faltung im Südteil der Poebene eingegangen.     

Gesteine und Vorkommen der Arosa-Zone Zwischen Arosa und Hindelang im Allgäu

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Diffusion in silicate melts: II. Multicomponent diffusion in CaOAl2O3SiO2 at 1500°C and 1 GPa

Chemical diffusion profiles in molten CaO---Al₂O₃---SiO₂ have been measured over a large range of compositions at 1500°C and l GPa. The diffusion profiles have been inverted for effective binary diffusion coefficients (EBDCs) and for the chemical diffusion matrix. The EBDCs are shown to depend strongly on both composition and direction of diffusion in composition space. The dependence of EBDCs on direction in composition space, which for the system studied here can be as large as a factor of seven, severely limits the applicability of EBDCs to interdiffusion in any direction other than the one used to derive the EBDCs.

The chemical diffusion matrix for molten CaO---Al₂O₃---SiO₂ was determined using diffusion profiles from two or three mutually orthogonal diffusion couples in the ternary composition space. All features of the diffusion profiles shown in this work can be reproduced by representing the chemical fluxes in the three-component system as a linear combination of concentration gradients via a 2 × 2 diffusion matrix. Chemical diffusion in molten CaO---Al₂O₃---SiO₂ shows clear evidence of strong diffusive coupling among the components. This can be seen in the uphill diffusion profiles of components that were initially uniform, in the fact that the apparent rate of diffusion of some components is a strong function of direction in composition space, and most quantitatively in the magnitude of off-diagonal elements of the diffusion matrix relative to the magnitude of the diagonal elements. SiO₂ for example, is found to be strongly coupled with CaO in relatively silicic melts, whereas Al₂O₃ is strongly coupled with CaO in less silicic melts. Furthermore, the coupling of CaO with either Al₂O₃ or Si02 reverses sign between more and less polymerized compositions. Interdiffusion profiles in natural melts have numerous features that suggest similar coupling between Al₂O₃ and CaO and between SiO₂ and CaO.     

Coastal tides in West Greenland derived from tide gauge records

Based on pressure tide-gauge observations, sea-level records are derived for ten sites along the coast of West Greenland. The ocean tidal signal is extracted by a harmonic tidal analysis. The accuracy of the determined tidal constants is discussed in detail. The tides account for 85% of the observed sea-level standard deviation. The tide gauge records reveal significant shallow-water tidal effects, in particular compound and overtide amplitudes reaching 5 cm. The propagation of the tidal waves into the fjords depends strongly on local conditions and is in some cases accompanied by an amplification of the tidal amplitudes. The observed tidal signals are compared to the predictions of the global ocean tide model FES2004. At the outer coast, a good agreement is found. Inside the fjords, however, the model performs worse and tide gauge observations may still be indispensable when accurate tidal signals are required.     

Bücher- und Zeitschriftenschau

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Metarodingite der Habachformation,Hohe Tauern (Österreich)

Zusammenfassung Zwei Metarodingitvorkommen aus der Habachformation im nördlichen Vendigermassiv wurden geochemisch und petrologisch untersucht. Die Metarodingite bestehen aus Granat, Klinopyroxen und wechselnden Mengen von Titanit, Ilmenit, Epidot, Chlorit und Calcit und sind von den sie umgebenden Antigoritserpentiniten durch Blackwallbidung getrennt. Sowohl Granat als auch Klinopyroxen sind in zwei Generationen vertreten. Die ältere Generation (Grant, um 95% Grandit-Anteil mit 50–70% Andraditkomponente; Klinopyroxen, Diopsid mit 0,2–0,6% Al₂O₃) entspricht mitT=420°C beiP=2 kb dem niedriggradigen herzynischen Metamorphoseereignis, die jüngere Generation (Granat, und 90% Grandit mit 5% Andraditkomponente; Klinopyroxen, Diopsid mit bis zu 2,5% Al₂O₃), für dieT=480–500°C beiP=5 kb ermittelt werden konnten, entspricht der alpidischen Metamorphose. Mit CaO-Gehalten von bis zu 30 Gew.% und Na₂O- und K₂O-Gehalten von < 0,03 Gew.% sind die Hauptelementchernismen typisch für Rodingite, lassen aber naturgemäß keine Aussage über die Ausgangsgesteine zu. Spurenelement analysen zeigen, daß auch immobile Elemente wie Ti, Zr und Y keine sichere Abletung der Ausgangsgesteine gestatten. Dasselbe gilt für die Verteilung der REE sowie für die Cr-, Co- und Ni-Gehalte, die nur die allgemeine Aussage, daß es sich bei den Ausgangsgesteinen um Gesteine basaltischer Zusammensetzung handelt, zulassen. Stark schwankende, zum Teil sehr hohe W-Gehalte in den Metarodingiten und Blackwalls werden auf Mobilisierungen aus den, die Serpentinite umgebenden Gesteinsserien. zurückgeführt.

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The metarodingites of the Habach Formation, Hohe Tauern, Austria

Summary Geochemical and petrological investigations have been carried out on two occurrences of metarodingites from the Habach Formations within the Venediger massif, Hohe Tauern Austria. The metarodingites consitst of garnet, clinopyroxene and varying amounts of sphene, ilmenite, epidote, chlorite, and calcite. They are surrounded by antigorite-serpentinites from which they are separated by blackwall zones. Garnet and clinopyroxene are present in two generations. The older one (garnet with about 95% grandite content and 50–70% andradite; diopside with 0,2–0,6% Al₂O₃) represents the low grade Hereynian metamorphic event with an equilibration temperature of 420°C atP=2 kb. The younger generation (garnet with about 90% grandite and 5% andradite; diopside with up to 2.5% Al₂O₃) is of Alpine age and could be fixed atT=480–500°C andP=5 kb. The main element contents are typical for rodingites and show CaO-concentrations up to 30% and K₂O- as well as Na₂O-concentrations of less than 0.03%. Trace element analyses indicate that even immobile elements like Ti, Zr and Y do not allow a clear reconstruction of the original rocks from which the rodingites are derived. The same holds true for the distribution of REE-patterns and the contents of Cr, Co, and Ni. However, a primary basattic composition of the original rocks can be deducted. Additionally, there are varying, in part very high W-contents (up to 2.7% WO₃) in the metarodingites and the blackwall zones which are certainly derived by mobilisation from the surrounding rocks.

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