Long-term measurements of surface ozone in the German Democratic Republic

The ozone concentration near the earth's surface has been measured at some stations in the GDR for more than 30 yr using the wet chemical method. Even at rural stations the ozone data show a significant linear increase by about 1–3% yr^–1. The ozone increase being stronger in summer than in winter is assumed to be due to photochemical ozone production from increasing anthropogenic emissions of trace gases that are transported over long distances. A weaker ozone increase by only about 0.2% per year was observed in the free troposphere (5.5 km) from balloon-soundings at Lindenberg within the period 1975–1984. If the ozone trends continue, the ozone concentration near the surface and its seasonal amplitude will have doubled around the turn of the century as compared to the mid-fifties.     

Climatic constraints for the development of the far south of Latin America

The climatic constraints of the southernmost tip of South America (45° S to 57° S) is examined and compared with the corresponding latitudes in the northern hemisphere.Southern summers are cooler than northern summers by 5.5 to 6°C owing to subantarctic influences and constantly-blowing oceanic winds. Although frost and snowfall are less common than in the northern hemisphere, they can occur well into the summer months. Cold air exports from the antarctic and the location of the antarctic convergence near 60° S explain the steady coolness of ocean and air masses. The constant winds cause tree deformations and inhibit vegetation growth because of the negative influence that winds faster than 4 m/sec have on photosynthesis efficiency. The absence of long-lasting warm summer periods that would stimulate plant growth is due to scarce or weak anticyclonic thrusts and to the permanent west wind drift. To be added to this is a chronic shortage of air humidity on the eastern slopes of the Patagonian Andes and plains which again curtails crop growth. On the western slopes, on the other hand, continuous orographic rains prove also a hindrance to cultivation. Therefore, only north of 42° S do conditions for permanent cultivation become optimal.     

MELIMEX,an experimental heavy metal pollution study: Behaviour of heavy metals in an aquatic food chain

Phytoplankton, periphyton and zooplankton samples, chironomid andSialis sp. larvae, and fry of trout and bream collected from unpolluted and artificially metal-polluted limno-corrals were analyzed for mercury, copper, cadmium, zinc and lead. The results indicate that these metals are not accumulated through the food chain and suggest that increased metal concentrations in the environment favor the growth of phytoplankton organisms with a low metal sorption capacity.     

Contributions of H2S to the atmospheric sulfur cycle

H₂S is a most important biogenic sulfur compound with regard to the atmospheric sulfur cycle. Our present knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of this trace gas is rather incomplete owing to unreliable analytical methods. Therefore, a new method for the analysis of H₂S in the g-range was applied. This paper deals with the results of ground- and aircraft measurements of H₂S in unpolluted air over swamps and tidal flats. Based on the measured vertical distributions a removal coefficient of 2.3×10^–5 sec^–1 and an average lifetime of 12 hours were calculated. Some conclusions of the contribution of H₂S to the atmospheric sulfur budget are added.     

Stable carbon isotopes of graphite from Bogala Mine,Sri Lanka

The ratios of the carbon isotopes ¹³C and ¹²C of twenty-four graphite samples from Bogala Mine, Sri Lanka have been determined. The graphites are isotopically very similar (mean value $\text{?7.76? °}{}^{13}\text{C}{}_{\mathrm{PDB}}$; range $\text{<2?}$). Three models for the biogenic or abiogenic origin of the graphite deposit are discussed.     

Biogene und nichtbiogene organische Schmutzstoffe

Analytical methods and their application on the river Rhine for the identification and determination of refractory organic compounds are reported. 18 hydrocarbons, 32 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 13 organic nitro compounds, 14 ethers, 4 alcohols, 9 phenols, 6 esters and 21 other organic compounds have been identified. In view of the tedious methods which have to be applied, a technique for determining the ratio of persistent to biodegradable organic compounds has to be found. Requirements and perspectives of microbiological assays are discussed and rules for the survey of waste discharges are proposed.     

Chloritoid-bearing metapelites associated with glaucophane rocks in western Crete,Greece

In western Crete, Greece, a widespread occurrence of chloritoid-bearing metapelites with the main mineral assemblage chloritoid-phengitic white mica-Fe-rich chlorite-quartz was recorded to form the country rock of glaucophane-bearing metabasalts. Six bulk rock analyses of the metapelites conform to the compositional restrictions evaluated by Hoschek (1967) for the formation of chloritoid. Three microprobe analyses revealed chloritoid compositions low in Mg and Mn, and, consequently, high in Fe. The metamorphic grade documented in the metapelites is obviously related to a subsequent prograde metamorphism by which, in the adjacent meta-basalts, epidote is formed at the expense of lawsonite. No relict of a high-P, low-T assemblage, in part well preserved in the meta-basalts, was recognized in the chloritoid schists. The significance of the metamorphic history is briefly discussed.     

Reaktionen im alpinotypen Peridotitmassiv von Ronda (Spanien) und seinen partiellen Schmelzprodukten

The alpine type peridotite of Ronda (Spain) essentially is spinel lherzolite plus minor (< 5 vol.-%) amounts of basic layers. Basic layers are thin bands of several cm in thickness with different extent, arranged parallel to the lineation a of the lherzolite. 5 new rock analyses are presented, showing that the basic layers are olivine tholeiitic in composition, supporting their genetic interpretation as partial fusion products from an upper mantle peridotite of nearly pyrolitic chemism. Basic parts are not removed from the lherzolite host but consolidated as garnet pyroxenites, spinel pyroxenites, and olivine gabbros. Microprobe analyses of 6 olivines, 6 orthopyroxenes, 5 clinopyroxenes, 1 garnet, 2 spinels are given, most of them from coexisting minerals of pyroxenites and olivine gabbros.In garnet pyroxenite and in spinel pyroxenite the two pyroxenes are Al-rich pyroxenes, changing continuously by subsolidus reactions to Al-poor pyroxenes+anorthite ± spinel in the gabbro. Subsolidus transformations are marked by exsolution reactions and recrystallizations, favoured by weak deformation. Detailed study of mineral textures combined with chemical data show that spinel pyroxenite was isochemically transformed to spinel bearing olivine gabbro. This transformation mainly was caused by change in the P-T-conditions, related to the further steady uplift of the entire massif. P-T-estimations according to several methods indicate consolidation of garnet pyroxenite bands at 1100 ° C/20 kb. Subsolidus reactions changing spinel pyroxenite (1000-900 ° C/15 kb) to olivine gabbro layers show final re-equilibration in the range of 900–800 ° C at 15–10 kb.

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Gekürzter, spezieller Teil einer vom Naturwiss. FB III der Universität Würzburg 1975 angenommenen Habilitationsschrift

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Die Mikrosondenuntersuchungen wurden an einer CAMECA MS 46 (Leihgabe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft im Mineralogischen Institut Würzburg) durchgeführt. Für die Bewilligung beantragter Sachmittel und Reisekostenzuschüsse bin ich der DFG zu Dank verpflichtet. Dank schulde ich den Herren Prof. Dr. A. San Miguel, Mineralogisches Institut der Universität Barcelona, sowie Prof. Dr. S. Matthes, Dr. E. Knauer, Dr. P. Richter, Mineralogisches Institut Würzburg für Hilfe und Kritik. Der Comisión Nacional de Geologia, Madrid, danke ich für die offizielle Erlaubnis zu den Geländearbeiten.