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111.
Planning for source water protection in Ontario 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ontario began developing a drinking water source protection planning process in 2000, after a rural community's water supply was contaminated by pathogens from agricultural runoff. An expert committee report has recommended legislating a new source protection “sphere of jurisdiction” for municipalities; however, no specific new municipal tools or authorities have been proposed as yet. This paper reports findings from an evaluation of the extent to which existing institutional arrangements for land use planning and water management facilitate or constrain source protection by municipalities. A case study of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo suggests there is the potential to link land use planning more strongly to water management through creative use of existing tools, forgoing the need for major institutional changes. 相似文献
112.
This study investigates the extent to which people's views on the causes and preventability of earthquake damage might be influenced by their degree of exposure to hazard as well as what information they have been given about the hazard. The results show that the provision of hazard zoning information influences judgements on preventability and causes of damage, but this effect depends on the degree of hazard faced by residents. In low hazard zones, information leads to the view that causes are manageable, whereas in high hazard zones information may induce a degree of fatalism. The use of public information in risk management needs to take into account the degree of risk faced by the recipients. 相似文献
113.
114.
Geraldo Magela da Costa Gabriel de Oliveira Polli Márcio A. Kahwage Eddy de Grave Antônio Claret Soares Sabioni Júlio Cesar Mendes 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(3):161-166
Mössbauer spectra (MS) of blue, green and yellow beryl (ideally Be3Al2Si6O18) containing approximately 1% of iron were obtained at 295 and 500 K. Room temperature (RT) spectra of both blue and green samples showed the presence of an asymmetric Fe2+ doublet (ΔE
Q~2.7 mm/s, δ~1.1 mm/s), with a very broad low-velocity peak. There is no clear evidence for the presence of a ferric component. The MS of the yellow sample at RT consists of an intense central absorption with parameters typical for Fe3+ (ΔE
Q~0.4 mm/s, δ~0.29 mm/s), plus an apparently symmetrical Fe2+ doublet. This sample acquires a light-blue shade upon heating in air at about 620 K. Thermal treatments at high temperatures caused no significant changes in the MS, but the green and yellow beryl acquire a blue colour. All these results are interpreted in relation to the existence of channel water and the distribution of iron among the available crystallographic sites. 相似文献
115.
116.
A design procedure is proposed to minimize water infiltration into landfills by optimizing the water diversion length of inclined
covers with capillary barrier effect (CCBE). This design procedure is based on a conceptual, mathematical and numerical approach
and aims at selecting materials and optimizing layer thickness. Selection among candidate materials is made based on their
hydraulic conductivity functions and on a threshold infiltration rate imposed on the designer. The capillary break layer (CBL;
bottom layer) is characterized by a weak capillarity, while the moisture retention layer (MRL; upper layer) is characterized
by a compromise between strong capillarity and high hydraulic conductivity. The thickness of the CBL corresponds to the height
where suction reaches its maximum value for a given infiltration rate. This height can be calculated using the Kisch [Géotechnique 9 (1959)] model. The optimal thickness of the MRL is determined by applying an adaptation of the Ross [Water Resources Research 26 (1990)] model. The results obtained using the proposed design procedure were compared to those obtained from numerical simulations
performed using a finite element unsaturated seepage software. The procedure was applied for two cover systems; one where
deinking by-products (DBP) were used as MRL and sand as CBL and another where sand was used as MRL and gravel as CBL. Using
this procedure, it has been shown that an infiltration control system composed of thin layers of sand over gravel is highly
efficient in terms of diversion length and that its efficiency can be enhanced by placing a hydraulic barrier – such as a
layer of DBP – above the MRL. 相似文献
117.
118.
Spatial assessment and redesign of a groundwater quality monitoring network using entropy theory, Gaza Strip, Palestine 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Using entropy theory, a methodology was developed for the evaluation and redesign of groundwater quality monitoring wells in the Gaza Strip in Palestine. Essential to the methodology is the development of a Transinformation Model (TM) which yields the amount of information transfer and the dependency between the wells as a function of distance. The TM parameters, such as the minimum transinformation and the range, were employed for evaluating the network which revealed that most of the distances between wells were less than the range. It also indicated that a high percentage of redundant information existed in the network. Therefore, the network was reduced by superimposing a square pattern over the monitored area and selecting one well per square block in a stratified pattern. The methodology was tested using the chloride data collected from 1972–2000 from 417 groundwater quality monitoring wells in the Gaza Strip. The number of the groundwater quality monitoring wells in the Gaza Strip was reduced by 53%, while there was 26% redundant information based on the minimum existing distance between wells. This methodology is meant to help monitor the groundwater quality (salinity) in the Gaza Strip. 相似文献
119.
Yang Liu Alfred T. Anderson Colin J. N. Wilson Andrew M. Davis Ian M. Steele 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,151(1):71-87
Large pyroclastic rhyolites are snapshots of evolving magma bodies, and preserved in their eruptive pyroclasts is a record
of evolution up to the time of eruption. Here we focus on the conditions and processes in the Oruanui magma that erupted at
26.5 ka from Taupo Volcano, New Zealand. The 530 km3 (void-free) of material erupted in the Oruanui event is comparable in size to the Bishop Tuff in California, but differs
in that rhyolitic pumice and glass compositions, although variable, did not change systematically with eruption order. We
measured the concentrations of H2O, CO2 and major and trace elements in zoned phenocrysts and melt inclusions from individual pumice clasts covering the range from
early to late erupted units. We also used cathodoluminescence imaging to infer growth histories of quartz phenocrysts. For
quartz-hosted inclusions, we studied both fully enclosed melt inclusions and reentrants (connecting to host melt through a
small opening). The textures and compositions of inclusions and phenocrysts reflect complex pre-eruptive processes of incomplete
assimilation/partial melting, crystallization differentiation, magma mixing and gas saturation. ‘Restitic’ quartz occurs in
seven of eight pumice clasts studied. Variations in dissolved H2O and CO2 in quartz-hosted melt inclusions reflect gas saturation in the Oruanui magma and crystallization depths of ∼3.5–7 km. Based
on variations of dissolved H2O and CO2 in reentrants, the amount of exsolved gas at the beginning of eruption increased with depth, corresponding to decreasing
density with depth. Pre-eruptive mixing of magma with varying gas content implies variations in magma bulk density that would
have driven convective mixing.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
120.
Warren J. de Bruyn Mike Harvey Jill M. Cainey Eric S. Saltzman 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,41(2):189-209
Atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations were measured at Baring Head, New Zealandduring February and March 2000. Anti-correlated DMS and SO2 diurnalcycles, consistent with the photochemical production of SO2 from DMS, were observed in clean southerly air off the ocean. The data is used to infer a yield of SO2 from DMS oxidation. The estimated yields are highly dependent on assumptions about the DMS oxidation rate. Fitting the measured data in a photochemical box model using model-generated OH levels and the Hynes et al. (1986) DMS + OH rate constant suggests that theSO2 yield is 50–100%, similar to current estimates for the tropical Pacific.However, the observed amplitude of the DMS diurnal cycle suggests that the oxidation rate is higher than that used by the model, and therefore, that theSO2 yield is lower in the range of 20–40%. 相似文献