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641.
The capacity of a gravity structure to counter seismically induced overturning can only be estimated with good accuracy using a dynamic analysis of the rotational (rocking) motion involving large displacement theory. Seismic assessment employing quasi‐static analysis can be overly conservative if the reserve capacity of this type of rocking structure to displace without overturning is not taken into account. It was revealed through dynamic testing on a shaking table that the overturning hazards of ground shaking are best represented by the peak displacement demand (PDD) parameter and that the vulnerability to overturning instability decreases with the increasing size of the object when the aspect ratio is held constant. This finding has important implications on the engineering of structures for countering moderate ground shaking in regions of low and moderate seismicity. Experimental data were validated and supplemented by computer simulations that involved generating artificial accelerograms of designated earthquake scenarios and non‐linear time‐history analyses of the overturning motions. Based on these simulations, fragility curves were constructed for estimating the probability of overturning for given levels of PDD and for different specimen dimensions. An expression was developed for estimating the level of PDD required to overturn rectangular objects of given dimensions for 5% probability of exceedance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
642.
Estimating erroneous parameters in ensemble based snow data assimilation system has been given little attention in the literature. Little is known about the related methods’ effectiveness, performance, and sensitivity to other error sources such as model structural error. This research tackles these questions by running synthetic one-dimensional snow data assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), in which both state and parameter are simultaneously updated. The first part of the paper investigates the effectiveness of this parameter estimation approach in a perfect-model-structure scenario, and the second part focuses on its dependence on model structure error. The results from first part research demonstrate the advantages of this parameter estimation approach in reducing the systematic error of snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates, and retrieving the correct parameter value. The second part results indicate that, at least in our experiment, there is an evident dependence of parameter search convergence on model structural error. In the imperfect-model-structure run, the parameter search diverges, although it can simulate the state variable well. This result suggest that, good data assimilation performance in estimating state variables is not a sufficient indicator of reliable parameter retrieval in the presence of model structural error. The generality of this conclusion needs to be tested by data assimilation experiments with more complex structural error configurations. 相似文献
643.
644.
T. M. Wilson J. W. Cole C. Stewart S. J. Cronin D. M. Johnston 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(3):223-239
Tephra fall from the August 1991 eruption of Volcán Hudson affected some 100,000 km2 of Patagonia and was almost immediately reworked by strong winds, creating billowing clouds of remobilised ash, or ‘ash storms’.
The immediate impacts on agriculture and rural communities were severe, but were then greatly exacerbated by continuing ash
storms. This paper describes the findings of a 3-week study tour of the diverse environments of southern Patagonia affected
by ash storms, with an emphasis on determining the impacts of repeated ash storms on agriculture and local practices that
were developed in an attempt to mitigate these impacts. Ash storms produce similar effects to initial tephra eruptions, prolonged
for considerable periods. These have included the burial of farmland under dune deposits, abrasion of vegetation and contamination
of feed supplies with fine ash. These impacts can then cause problems for grazing animals such as starvation, severe tooth
abrasion, gastrointestinal problems, corneal abrasion and blindness, and exhaustion if sheep fleeces become laden with ash.
In addition, ash storms have led to exacerbated soil erosion, human health impacts, increased cleanup requirements, sedimentation
in irrigation canals, and disruption of aviation and land transport. Ash deposits were naturally stabilised most rapidly in
areas with high rainfall (>1,500 mm/year) through compaction and enhanced vegetation growth. Stabilisation was slowest in
windy, semi-arid regions. Destruction of vegetation and suppression of regrowth by heavy tephra fall (>100 mm) hindered the
stabilisation of deposits for years, and reduced the surface friction which increased wind erosivity. Stabilisation of tephra
deposits was improved by intensive tillage, use of windbreaks and where there was dense and taller vegetative cover. Long-term
drought and the impracticality of mixing ash deposits with soil by tillage on large farms was a barrier to stabilising deposits
and, in turn, agricultural recovery. The continuing ash storms motivated the partial evacuation of small rural towns such
as Chile Chico (Chile) and Los Antiguos (Argentina) in September–December 1991, after the primary tephra fall in August 1991.
Greatly increased municipal cleanup efforts had to be sustained beyond the initial tephra fall to cope with the ongoing impacts
of ash storms. Throughout the 1990s, ash storms contributed to continued population migration out of the affected area, leaving
hundreds of farms abandoned on the Argentine steppe. The major lesson from our study is the importance of stabilisation of
ash deposits as soon as possible after the initial eruption, particularly in windy, arid climates. Suggested mitigation measures
include deep cultivation of the ash into the soil and erecting windbreaks. 相似文献
645.
We describe the evolution of weak magnetic fields in a quiet region observed at the Big Bear Solar Observatory on 1 October 1996. We observed puzzling changes in which one polarity changed without corresponding increases or decreases in the other. In the rest of the same field, no special changes were observed, and a search of nearby days revealed no similar changes. We do not wish to call Maxwell's laws into question, we simply state that there are surprising effects that we cannot understand with current models. 相似文献
646.
Four samples of dolomitic marble from the Proterozoic Einasleigh Metamorphics of northern Queensland contain unusually high δ13C (5.1 to 5.9‰ PDB). A hyper‐saline depositional and diagenetic environment for these rocks adequately explains the available field and chemical evidence, and the heavy carbon signature. 相似文献
647.
Cyrena Anne Goodrich Lionel Wilson James A. Van Orman Patrick Michel 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2013,48(6):1096-1106
Ureilites are carbon‐rich ultramafic (olivine + dominantly low‐Ca pyroxene) achondrites with poorly understood petrogenesis. One major problem concerns the origin of extensive variation in FeO content (olivine core Fo values ranging from approximately 75 to 95) among the individual ureilites. The two main competing hypotheses to explain this variation are: (1) equilibrium smelting, in which ureilite Fo values were established by pressure‐dependent (depth‐linked) carbon redox reactions on the ureilite parent body during partial melting; or (2) nebular inheritance, in which the variation in FeO contents was derived from ureilite precursors and was preserved during partial melting. The paper “Parent body depth‐pressure‐temperature relationships and the style of the ureilite anatexis” by Warren (2012) discusses a series of topics related to ureilite petrogenesis. In each case, an argument is presented within the context of smelting versus nonsmelting models. Collectively, these arguments create the impression that there are many valid arguments against smelting. The purpose of this comment is to point out flaws in some of these arguments, and/or to show that the issues they address are independent of smelting versus nonsmelting models. Both equilibrium smelting and nebular inheritance (simple anatexis) models face challenges in explaining all the properties of ureilites, but both remain viable. 相似文献
648.
In this study we assessed the current status of coral reefs along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea. Among the three growth forms of Acroporid corals, the branching forms were found to dominate in the Farassan Islands(44.55%±11.10% cover) followed by tabular forms in the Doga Islands(ranging between 18%±6.47% and 18.30%±9.47% cover). Digitate forms were rarely found along the coast except at Maqna. Among the five growth forms of non-Acroporid corals, we observed maximum cover of branching forms in the Yanbu offshore area(58.89%±15.11% cover) followed by the Jeddah coast(24.76%±14.04% cover). The Millepora spp., a non-Scleractinian coral, was abundant at all the near-shore sites, such as Jeddah(10.70%±8.21%) and Al-Wajh(9.81%±6.69%). The live coral cover(including both Scleractinian and non-Scleractinian corals) of Saudi Red Sea coast was seen to be higher in the north and gradually decrease towards the south. Principal Component analysis showed that the contribution of Acroporid corals was greater in the southern region than in the northern and middle regions, but vice-versa in the case of non-Acroporid corals. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis categorized all the study sites into two major clusters with 60% similarity. Among them, one cluster-forming sites from Maqna to Masturah(Northern region) and the second one comprised the middle and southern regions(Jeddah to Farassan Islands), and one outlier Rabigh. 相似文献
649.
Relationship between physical and chemical soil attributes and plant species diversity in tropical mountain ecosystems from Brazil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Fernanda de Carvalho Edward Luis Godoy Francy J. G. Lisboa Fatima Maria de Souza Moreira Francisco Adriano de Souza Ricardo Luis Louro Berbara G. Wilson Fernandes 《山地科学学报》2014,11(4):875-883
Although the high diversity of plant species in the rupestrian fields has been primarily attributed to the existence of a set of distinct habitats, few studies support this assertion. The present study aimed to further investigate the relationship between physical and chemical attributes of soils with the diversity of plant species in this unique ecosystem. The rupestrian field is a unique vegetation formation that covers some of the southeastern Brazilian mountains in the transition of the Atlantic rain forest and the Cerrado (savanna). Different habitats occur according to soil characteristics (e.g., presence of rocks, sand, fertility, hydrology, etc.). These attributes ultimately influence the vegetation that is highly adapted to the harsh edaphic and climatic mountain conditions. Five distinct habitats were studied by us: rocky outcrops, peat bogs, sandy bogs, quartz gravelfields, and "cerrado" (savanna). A floristic survey indicated that four families are found at greater frequency: Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, and Leguminosae. The greatest diversity of plant species was found in the rocky outcrops habitat, followed by cerrado, peat bog, quartz gravel grassland, and sandy bogs, respectively. The main difference in the floristic composition among these habitats was related to the dominant species. Trachypogon spicatus (Poaceae) was the most dominant species in the rocky outcrops, Axonopus siccus (Poaceae) in the peat bogs, Lagenocarpus rigidus (Cyperaceae) in the sandy bogs, Schizachyrium tenerum (Poaceae) in the cerrado, while Vellozia sp. 8 (Velloziaceae) dominated the vegetation in the quartz gravel grassland. This study demonstrated that physical and chemical soil properties strongly related the diversity of plant species occurring in the different habitats of rupestrian fields. 相似文献
650.