The loss of iron from basalts to Pt containers has been investigated as a function of temperature, hydrogen fugacity, run duration, and Fe content of the sample. The loss of iron is very significant even after a short time and increases with increasing temperature and run duration and increasing hydrogen fugacity.The absorbed iron is concentrated in the inner half of the Pt-wall. The iron-containing zone of the Pt broadens only slightly with increasing run duration. Based upon this uneven distribution of Fe in the Pt-wall, a method is developed to reduce iron loss from the sample. By electroplating, a thin film of metallic iron is coated onto the inner surface of the capsule wall in order to get a Fe-Pt alloy in the inner section of the Pt-tube. 相似文献
The Astrakhan Arch (ASAR) region contains one of the largest sub‐salt carbonate structures of the Pricaspian salt basin (located to the northwest of the Caspian Sea), where prospects for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in the Devonian to Carboniferous deposits are considered to be high. We evaluate the regional vertical temperature gradient within stratigraphic units based on the analysis of 34 boreholes drilled in the region. To show that the thermal gradient is altered in the vicinity of salt diapirs, we study measured temperatures in six deep boreholes. We develop a three‐dimensional geothermal model of the ASAR region constrained by temperature measurements, seismic stratigraphic and lithological data. The temperatures of the sub‐salt sediments predicted by the geothermal model range from about 100 °C to 200 °C and are consistent with the temperatures obtained from the analysis of vitrinite reflectivity and from previous two‐dimensional geothermal models. Temperature anomalies are positive in the uppermost portions of salt diapirs as well as within the salt‐withdrawal basins at the depth of 3.5 km depth and are negative beneath the diapirs. Two areas of positive temperature anomalies in the sub‐salt sediments are likely to be associated with the deep withdrawal basins above and with the general uplift of salt/sub‐salt interface in the southern part of the study region. This implies an enhancement of thermal maturity of any organically rich source rocks within these areas. The surface heat flux in the model varies laterally from about 40 to 55 mW m?2. These variations in the heat flux are likely to be associated with structural heterogeneities of the sedimentary rocks and with the presence of salt diapirs. The results of our modelling support the hypothesis of oil and gas condensate generation in the Upper Carboniferous to Middle Devonian sediments of the ASAR region. 相似文献
In this study the potential future changes in various aspects of daily precipitation events over Europe as a consequence of
the anticipated future increase in the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are investigated. This is done by comparing
two 3-member ensembles of simulations with the HIRHAM regional climate model for the period 1961–1990 and 2071–2100, respectively.
Daily precipitation events are characterized by their frequency and intensity, and heavy precipitation events are described
via 30-year return levels of daily precipitation. Further, extended periods with and without rainfall (wet and dry spells)
are studied, considering their frequency and length as well as the average and extreme amounts of precipitation accumulated
during wet spells, the latter again described via 30-year return levels. The simulations show marked changes in the characteristics
of daily precipitation in Europe due to the anticipated greenhouse warming. In winter, for instance, the frequency of wet
days is enhanced over most of the European continent except for the region on the Norwegian west coast and the Mediterranean
region. The changes in the intensity and the 30-year return level of daily precipitation are characterized by a similar pattern
except for central Europe with a tendency of decreased 30-year return levels and increased precipitation intensity. In summer,
on the other hand, the frequency of wet days is decreased over most of Europe except for northern Scandinavia and the Baltic
Sea region. In contrast, the precipitation intensity and the 30-year return level of daily precipitation are increased over
entire Scandinavia, central and eastern Europe. The changes in the 30-year return level of daily precipitation are generally
stronger than the corresponding changes in the precipitation intensity but can have opposite signs in some regions. Also the
distribution of wet days is changed in the future. During summer, for instance, both the frequency and the length of dry spells
are substantially increased over most of the European continent except for the Iberian Peninsula. The frequency and the length
of wet spells, on the other hand, are generally reduced during summer and increased during winter, again, with the exception
of the Iberian Peninsula. The future changes in the frequency of wet days in winter are related to a change in the large-scale
flow over the North Atlantic and a corresponding shift of the North Atlantic storm track. The reduction in the frequency of
wet days in summer is related to a northward extension of the dry subtropical region in the future, with a reduction of the
convective activity because of the large-scale sinking motion in the downward branch of the Hadley cell. Because the atmosphere
contains more moisture in the warmer future climate, the amount of precipitation associated with individual low-pressure systems
or with individual convective events is increased, leading to a general increase in the intensity of individual precipitation
events. Only in regions, where all the moisture evaporates from the ground already in spring, the intensity of precipitation
events is reduced in summer. 相似文献
The EUV line emission and relative line-of-sight velocity in the transition region between the chromosphere and corona of 36 sunspot regions are investigated, based on observations with the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer – CDS and the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation – SUMER on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory – SOHO. The most prominent features in the transition-region intensity maps are the sunspot plumes. In the temperature range between log T=5.2 and log T=5.6 we find that 29 of the 36 sunspots contain one or two sunspot plumes. The relative line-of-sight velocity in sunspot plumes is high and directed into the Sun in the transition region, for 19 of the sunspots the maximum velocity exceeds 25 km s?1. The velocity increases with increasing temperature, reaches a maximum close to log T=5.5 and then decreases abruptly.
Attention is given to the properties of oscillations with a period of 3 min in the sunspot transition region, based on observations of six sunspots. Comparing loci with the same phase we find that the 3-min oscillations affect the entire umbral transition region and part of the penumbral transition region. Above the umbra the observed relation between the oscillations in peak line intensity and line-of-sight velocity is compatible with the hypothesis that the oscillations are caused by upward-propagating acoustic waves. Information about intensity oscillations in the low corona is obtained from observations of one sunspot in the 171 Å channel with the Transition Region And Coronal Explorer – TRACE. We conclude that we observe the 3-min sunspot oscillations in the chromosphere, the transition region and the low corona. The oscillations are observable over a wider temperature range than the sunspot plumes, and show a different spatial distribution than that of the plumes.
E‐mobility has been gaining importance in recent years in Germany, with the National Platform for E‐mobility infrastructure in Germany is expected to change fast, therefore many charging stations will appear. These need to be managed, and the aim of this work is to explore how web applications could best support productivity and user experience in this context. We compared a text‐form‐based approach to a map‐based approach for the addition and update of locations and chargepoints. We found that the map‐based approach yields better learning effects and offers a better compromise between pragmatic and hedonic properties. The results are useful for a better understanding of the impact of interactive maps on work and user experience in the e‐mobility domain and beyond. 相似文献