Morphologie und Infraciliatur einiger limnischer Ciliaten (Protozoa: Ciliophora)

The morphology, the infraciliature, and the silverline system of the fresh-water ciliatesUrotricha armata Kahl, 1927,Longifragma obliqua (Kahl, 1926) nov. gen., andTrochilioides fimbriatus nov. spec. are described. The new genusLongifragma is characterized by aProrodon-like “brosse” and an incompleteUrotricha-like somatic infraciliature. A new species,Urotricha dragescoi nov. spec., is suggested for theU. armata Kahl, 1927 of Dragesco et al. (1974).Trochilioides fimbriatus differs by its complex cyrtos from the other members of the genus.      

Eo-Alpine Metamorphism in the Uppermost Unit of the Cretan Nappe System — Petrology and Geochronology

The uppermost unit of the Cretan nappe system contains a variegated series of high-grade metamorphic rocks. In the Léndas area, amphibolites are present characterized by the assemblage

$$\text{brown}\;\text{hornblende}\;+\;\text{diopside}\;+\;\text{plagioclase}\;\text{(An 50)}$$

while associated metapelitic gneisses consist of

$$\text{garnet}\;+\;\text{cordierite}\;+\;\text{biotite}\;+\;\text{sillimanite (andalusite)}\;\pm\;\text{K-feldspar}\;+\;\text{plagioclase (An 40-50)}\;+\;\text{quartz}.$$

Judging from relevant experimental data for the gneiss assemblage including the Fe/Mg distribution on coexisting garnet and cordierite, the P-T conditions of metamorphism are estimated at about 700° C and 5 kb water vapour pressure.K/Ar determinations on hornblendes from three amphibolites yielded cooling ages of 71.3, 71.2, and 71.1 (±1.7) m.y. respectively; biotites from three paragneisses gave 70.2 ± 1.4, 69.7 ± 1.2, and 67.9 ± 1.4 m.y. respectively. Assuming a sealing temperature against argon diffusion of 300° C, for biotite, and 500° C, for hornblende, a cooling rate of 100–200° C/m.y. is calculated. Thus a late Cretaceous (eo-Alpine) metamorphic event is established in the post-Cretaceous nappes of Crete.     

Behaviour of lead and zinc in calcrete-bearing soils around Bou Grine, Tunisia — its application to geochemical exploration

The behaviour of Pb and Zn was studied in soils containing calcrete to determine the effect of calcrete formation on the surface expression of mineralization. Earlier investigations had shown that: (1) calcrete develops epigenetically within the soil from other minerals present in the horizon that is being encrusted; and (2) this epigenetic replacement is isovolumetric.One consequence of this process for geochemical exploration is that the development of calcrete can be compared to installing a screen that weakens the contrast of the anomaly. Another geochemical consequence is that the metals that were initially associated with various mineralogical phases in the parent rock will associate mainly with HCl (1N) soluble components inthe calcrete horizons. In noncalcreted horizons, and in particular in the surficial layers, the metals are divided between carbonate and oxide phases, the latter being more or less well-crystallized.     

Organic geochemistry and petrography of Tertiary coals and carbonaceous shales from Argentina

A series of eight Tertiary coal and carbonaceous shale samples with vitrinite reflectance values between 0.50 and 0.58% were extracted, fractionated and the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons analysed for characteristic components by GC and GC-MS. Additionally, a microscopical study was undertaken in order to obtain a more precise picture of the samples under investigation.The saturated hydrocarbon fractions displayed the typical n-alkane distribution for coals of this rank, with CPI values between 2.0 and 3.1. Among the branched/cyclic compounds, pristane and α, β-homohopane were recognised as relevant components pointing to an oxic depositional environment. Detection of benzohopanes (C₃₂–C₃₅) in the aromatic hydrocarbon fractions suggests that bacteriohopanetetrol was a significant constituent of the coal biomass. Taking into consideration the Pr/Ph ratios, ash contents and microscopical characteristics of the samples, aspects of the possible degradation of hopanetetrol to homohopane are discussed. Resin-derived diterpenoids with the phyllocladane and kaurane skeleton were tentatively identified and, although minor compounds, they are interpreted to be a sign of the contribution of Podocarpaceae and Araucareaceae to the coal swamp.Aromatic compounds were dominated by alkylnaphthalene derivatives, presumably formed by C-ring cleavage and aromatisation of higher plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenois, which were main components in the high-boiling range of the fractions investigated. Angiosperms (especially Fagaceae) are postulated as source for these polycyclic compounds and, hence, for some of the polyalkylated aromatic bicyclics detected.     

Temperature-dependent isotopic fractionation of lithium between clinopyroxene and high-pressure hydrous fluids

The fractionation of lithium isotopes between synthetic spodumene as representative of Li-bearing clinopyroxene and Cl- and OH-bearing aqueous fluids was experimentally determined between 500 and 900°C at 2.0 GPa. In all the experiments, ⁷Li was preferentially partitioned into the fluid. The fractionation is temperature dependent and approximated by the equation Δ⁷Li_{(clinopyroxene–fluid)}=−4.61×(1,000/T [K]) + 2.48; R ²=0.86. Significant Li isotopic fractionation of about 1.0‰ exists even at high temperatures of 900°C. Using neutral and weakly basic fluids revealed that the amount of fractionation is not different. The Li isotopic fractionation between altered basalt and hot spring water (350°C) in natural samples is in good agreement with our experimentally determined fractionation curve. The data confirm earlier speculations drawn from the Li isotopic record of dehydrated metamorphic rocks that fluids expelled from a dehydrating slab carry heavier Li into the mantle wedge, and that a light Li component is introduced into the deeper mantle. Li and Li isotopes are redistributed among wedge minerals as fluids travel across the wedge into hotter regions of arc magma production. This modifies the Li isotopic characteristics of slab-derived fluids erasing their source memory, and explains the absence of cross-arc variations of Li isotopes in arc basalts.     

Marine Stone Columns to Prevent Earthquake Induced Soil Liquefaction

With ports and other near shore structures expanding, and regions previously not considered prone to earthquakes being re-classified after recent earthquake events, ground improvement by stone columns is increasingly considered to improve loose or soft in situ soils. The Dry Bottom Feed Stone Column construction technique can be used under water if a double-lock stone delivery system is attached to the vibroprobe. The use of pneumatic stone transport from the barge into the vibroprobe receiver tank makes it possible to reach large water and treatment depths. Digital recording of all relevant operation parameters provides a very high level of quality assurance, including a diameter-over-depth profile for each stone column. An introduction to earthquake-resistant design of stone columns and guidelines for specifying Marine Stone Columns are given.     

The behavior of trace elements during the chemical evolution of the H2O-, B-, and F-rich granite–pegmatite–hydrothermal system at Ehrenfriedersdorf, Germany: a SXRF study of melt and fluid inclusions

Detailed melt and fluid inclusion studies in quartz hosts from the Variscan Ehrenfriedersdorf complex revealed that ongoing fractional crystallization of the highly evolved H₂O-, B-, and F-rich granite magma produced a pegmatite melt, which started to separate into two immiscible phases at about 720°C, 100 MPa. With cooling and further chemical evolution, the immiscibilty field expanded. Two conjugate melts, a peraluminous one and a peralkaline one, coexisted down to temperatures of about 490°C. Additionally, high-salinity brine exsolved throughout the pegmatitic stage, along with low-density vapor. Towards lower temperatures, a hydrothermal system gradually developed. Boiling processes occurred between 450 and 400°C, increasing the salinities of hydrothermal fluids at this stage. Below, the late hydrothermal stage is dominated by low-salinity fluids. Using a combination of synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray fluorescence analysis and Raman spectroscopy, the concentration of trace elements (Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Sb, Rb, Cs, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ta, Ag, Sn, Ta, W, rare earth elements (REE), and Cu) was determined in 52 melt and 8 fluid inclusions that are representative of distinct stages from 720°C down to 380°C. Homogenization temperatures and water contents of both melt and fluid inclusions are used to estimate trapping temperatures, thus revealing the evolutionary stage during the process. Trace elements are partitioned in different proportions between the two pegmatite melts, high-salinity brines and exsolving vapors. Concentrations are strongly shifted by co ncomitant crystallization and precipitation of ore-forming minerals. For example, pegmatite melts at the initial stage (700°C) have about 1,600 ppm of Sn. Concentrations in both melts decrease towards lower temperatures due to the crystallization of cassiterite between 650 and 550°C. Tin is preferentially fractionated into the peralkaline melt by a factor of 2–3. While the last pegmatite melts are low in Sn (64 ppm at 500°C), early hydrothermal fluids become again enriched with about 800 ppm of Sn at the boiling stage. A sudden drop in late hydrothermal fluids (23 ppm of Sn at 370°C) results from precipitation of another cassiterite generation between 400 and 370°C. Zinc concentrations in peraluminous melts are low (some tens of parts per million) and are not correlated with temperature. In coexisting peralkaline melts and high-T brines, they are higher by a factor of 2–3. Zinc continuously increases in hydrothermal fluids (3,000 ppm at 400°C), where the precipitation of sphalerite starts. The main removal of Zn from the fluid system occurs at lower temperatures. Similarly, melt and fluid inclusion concentrations of many other trace elements directly reflect the crystallization and precipitation history of minerals at distinctive temperatures or temperature windows.     

Seismicity of Bulgaria

Summary Using the concerning data of the Bulgarian earthquakes with magnitude greater 4 the seismicity of the period 1901–1965 was computed after a method byUllmann andMaaz and represented cartographically by isolines. The map lets us interpret the relation of the seismicity to the tectonic situation of Bulgaria. Further, the annual frequency of earthquakes of different magnitude basing on the same data is given.     

Experimentelle Magnesitbildung aus Dolomit+MgCl2

Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Arbeitshypothese entwickelt, daß die Mg-Metasomatose, die zur Bildung von Spatmagnesitlagerstätten führte, in chloridischer Lösung erfolgte. Deshalb wurde die Reaktion CaMg(CO₃)₂ (Dolomit)+MgCl₂ (gelöst) MgCO₃ (Magnesit)+CaCl₂ (gelöst) experimentell untersucht. Dieses Reaktionsgleichgewicht ist trivariant; die Gleichgewichtstemperatur wird bestimmt durch den Druck der fluiden Phase, durch die Gesamtkonzentration an gelöstem Salz und durch das Ca-Mg-Verhältnis der Lösung.Die Versuche haben ergeben, daß (im untersuchten Temperaturbereich von 200–400° C, P _f=2000 Bar) bei einem bestimmten Angebot an MgCl₂ bei höheren Temperaturen mehr Magnesit aus Dolomit gebildet wird als bei niedrigen. Um z.B. bei 200° C aus einer vorgegebenen Dolomitmenge quantitativ Magnesit zu bilden, wird das 2 1/2fache der Menge an MgCl₂ benötigt, die bei 400° C für quantitative Magnesitbildung erforderlich ist. Hohe Temperaturen begünstigen also die Magnesitbildung. — Die durchgeführten Experimente vermögen nicht nur die Magnesitbildung aus Dolomit, sondern auch die Redolomitisierung von Magnesit gut zu erklären.

---

A working hypothesis, that MgCl₂ solution brings about the magnesium metasomatism giving rise to the coarse grained magnesite deposits (Spatmagnesitlagerstätten), was set up. The reaction CaMg(CO₃)₂ (Dolomite)+MgCl₂ (dissolved) MgCO₃ (Magnesite)+CaCl₂ (dissolved), bearing on this process, was experimentally investigated. This reaction represents a case of trivariant equilibrium; the equilibrium temperature being determined by the following parameters: the fluid pressure, the total concentration of the dissolved salts and the Ca Mg ratio in the solution.It was found that within the limits of the experimental conditions (P _f=2000 bars, Temp.: 200–400° C), more magnesite is formed out of dolomite at higher temperature if the amount of MgCl₂ is kept constant. For instance, for a total transformation of dolomite to magnesite at 200° C 2 1/2 times the amount of MgC1₂ is required as compared to the amount needed for the same reaction at 400° C. In other words, higher temperatures favour the formation of magnesite. The investigations carried out do not only explain the origin of magnesite from dolomite but also the reversed process of redolomitisation of magnesite.

---

---

Herrn Prof. Dr. H. G. F. Winkler danke ich herzlich für sein Interesse an dieser Arbeit und für wertvolle Kritik. Die benutzten Apparaturen wurden Herrn Prof. Winkler von der Deutsehen Forschungsgemeinschaft zur Verfügung gestellt. Für die Arbeitsmöglichkeit an diesen Apparaturen sei ebenfalls gedankt.