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761.
Jarmo J. Meriläinen Virve Kustula Allan Witick Eeva Haltia-Hovi Timo Saarinen 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(2):531-545
In order to assess the importance of different pollution sources for the increase in element concentration and accumulation, historical changes in selected elements were studied in the annually laminated sediment of Lake Korttajärvi in Central Finland (62°20′N; 25°41′E). The sediment chronology based on varve counting (256 BC to AD 2005) provided a unique opportunity to explore and date signals of metal emissions, including the ancient metallurgical activities of the Roman Empire at the beginning of the Current Era. Records of this kind are mostly lacking in Finland and northernmost Europe. The stratigraphic sequence of element concentrations did not reflect any major changes in the lake, but changes in element accumulation rates provided distinct pollution signals caused by airborne fallout, catchment erosion, and to some extent municipal wastewater loading. The maximum bulk sedimentation recorded in the twentieth century was 11-fold and organic sedimentation 4-fold higher than the mean background sedimentation rate (256 BC to AD 1019). The increase in the accumulation rates of the majority of the elements, such as Cd, Sn, Pb, Si, Ni, B, Cu, Zn, Sr, Na, K, Sb, Ca, Cr, U and Mg, in descending order, was at least equal to that of bulk sedimentation or much greater, especially for Cd, Sn, and Pb. Changes in the accumulation of Co, Fe, Mn, Mo and As were small and mainly followed those of organic sedimentation. The earliest pollution signals were those of Pb recorded in AD 1055–1141. A weak signal of Pb pollution from the Roman Era was detected in metal concentrations, but this could not be confirmed by the accumulation rate data for Pb. 相似文献
762.
Stephanie Kastner Christian Ohlendorf Torsten Haberzettl Andreas Lücke Christoph Mayr Nora I. Maidana Frank Schäbitz Bernd Zolitschka 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(4):887-902
We studied the internal lake processes that control the spatial distribution and characteristics of modern sediments at the
ICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program) deep drilling site in Laguna Potrok Aike, southern Patagonia,
Argentina. Sediment distribution patterns were investigated using a dense grid of 63 gravity cores taken throughout the lake
basin and 40 additional shoreline samples. Analysis of the surficial sediment distribution points to distinct internal depositional
dynamics induced by wind-driven lake internal currents. Distribution maps illustrate that the spatial characteristics of analysed
variables are linked to high erosional wave activity. Persistent wave action and littoral erosion along all shores, especially
the eastern shore, is caused by prevailing Southern Hemispheric Westerlies. Several sediment variables (grain size, benthic
diatoms, total inorganic carbon and calcium) indicate re-suspension of littoral sediment followed by re-distribution to profundal
accumulation areas near the eastern shore. Variations within the catchment influence sediment characteristics in the north-eastern
bay. That area is characterized by different mineralogical and sedimentological conditions as well as greater accumulation
of pollen, inorganic carbon and diatoms. These findings are related to the influence of episodic inflow into this bay. Spatial
differences in stable isotope values throughout the lake suggest that ephemeral tributaries around the lake basin may also
contribute to the detected spatial sediment variations. 相似文献
763.
Characterising and modelling the excavation damaged zone in crystalline rock in the context of radioactive waste disposal 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
John A. Hudson A. Bäckström J. Rutqvist L. Jing T. Backers M. Chijimatsu R. Christiansson X.-T. Feng A. Kobayashi T. Koyama H.-S. Lee I. Neretnieks P.-Z. Pan M. Rinne B.-T. Shen 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(6):1275-1297
This paper describes current knowledge about the nature of and potential for thermo–hydro–mechanical–chemical modelling of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) around the excavations for an underground radioactive waste repository. In the first part of the paper, the disturbances associated with excavation are explained, together with reviews of Workshops that have been held on the subject. In the second part of the paper, the results of a DECOVALEX [DEmonstration of COupled models and their VALidation against EXperiment: research funded by an international consortium of radioactive waste regulators and implementers (http://www.decovalex.com)] research programme on modelling the EDZ are presented. Four research teams used four different models to simulate the complete stress–strain curve for Avro granite from the Swedish Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. Subsequent research extended the work to computer simulation of the evolution of the repository using a ‘wall-block model’ and a ‘near-field model’. This included assessing the evolution of stress, failure and permeability and time-dependent effects during repository evolution. As discussed, all the computer models are well suited to sensitivity studies for evaluating the influence of their respective supporting parameters on the complete stress–strain curve for rock and for modelling the EDZ. 相似文献
764.
Seasonal temperature patterns may have changed through time in response to current global warming. However, the temporal resolution of available proxy records is not sufficient to quantify paleotemperature seasonality prior to anthropogenic forcing of the climate. In the present study, we reconstructed seasonal and inter-annual temperature patterns of the North Sea during the last 140 years, the Allerød Interglacial and the Late Medieval Climate Optimum using sclerochronological and δ18Oaragonite data from bivalve shells, Arctica islandica. On average, the climate during 1278–1353 AD was ca. 1.1°C colder and seasonality was ca. 60% less than today. During the Allerød, long-term temperatures remained about 3.2°C below present values, and absolute summer and winter anomalies were ca. ?4 and ?2.7°C, respectively. However, seasonality was statistically indistinguishable from today. Long-term average temperatures compare well with existing data for the Late Medieval and Allerød, but detailed information on seasonality during the studied time intervals has never been presented before. Our data also demonstrated that annual instrumental and δ18Oaragonite-derived temperatures did not always match. This difference is explained by (1) NAO-driven salinity changes, which influence the temperature estimation from δ18Oaragonite and (2) food-driven changes in growth rates; portions of the shell that formed more rapidly are overrepresented in carbonate samples. Our study indicated that individual bivalve shells can open discrete, near-century long, ultra-high-resolution windows into the climate past. Such information can be vital for testing and verifying numerical climate models. 相似文献
765.
Alan D. WanamakerJr. Karl J. Kreutz Bernd R. Schöne Kirk A. Maasch Andrew J. Pershing Harold W. Borns Douglas S. Introne Scott Feindel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(1):19-29
To investigate environmental variability during the late Holocene in the western Gulf of Maine, USA, we collected a 142-year-old
living bivalve (Arctica islandica) in 2004, and three fossil A. islandica shells of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and late MWP / Little Ice Age (LIA) period (corrected 14CAMS = 1030 ± 78 ad; 1320 ± 45 ad; 1357 ± 40 ad) in 1996. We compared the growth record of the modern shell with continuous plankton recorder (CPR) time-series (1961–2003)
from the Gulf of Maine. A significant correlation (r
2 = 0.55; p < 0.0001) exists between the standardized annual growth index (SGI) of the modern shell and the relative abundance of zooplankton
species Calanus finmarchicus. We therefore propose that SGI data from A. islandica is a valid proxy for paleo-productivity of at least one major zooplankton taxa. SGIs from these shells reveal significant
periods of 2–6 years (NAO-like) based on wavelet analysis, multitaper method (MTM) analysis and singular spectrum analysis
(SSA) during the late Holocene. Based on established physical oceanographic observation in the Gulf of Maine, we suggest that
slope water variability coupled with North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) dynamics is primarily responsible for the observed SGI
variability.
Special Issue: AGU OS06 special issue “Ocean’s role in climate change—a paleo perspective”. 相似文献
766.
Nicolas Deichmann John Clinton Stephan Husen Florian Haslinger Donat Fäh Domenico Giardini Philipp Kästli Urs Kradolfer Iris Marschall Stefan Wiemer 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2009,102(3):505-514
This report of the Swiss Seismological Service summarizes the seismic activity in Switzerland and surrounding regions during
2008. During this period, 451 earthquakes and 75 quarry blasts were detected and located in the region under consideration.
The three strongest events occurred in the Valais, near Lac des Toules (ML 3.6), and in Graubünden, near Ilanz (ML 3.7) and Paspels (ML 4.0). Although felt by the population, they were not reported to have caused any damage. However, with a total of only 15
events with ML ≥ 2.5, the seismic activity in the year 2008 was far below the average over the previous 33 years. 相似文献
767.
Schweizerisches Komitee für Stratigraphie Thierry Adatte Jean-Pierre Berger Hansruedi Bläsi Reto Burkhalter Stephan DallAgnolo Danielle Decrouez Hanspeter Funk Heinz Furrer Yves Gouffon Hansruedi Graf Werner Heckendorn Wilfried Winkler 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2009,102(2):363-364
In September 2007 Föllmi and coauthors requested the approval of four lithostratigraphic terms of the Swiss Committee of Stratigraphy (SCS). These terms were to be used in their publication on the Cretaceous in the Helvetic realm (Föllmi et al. 2007). At its meeting on October 18, 2007, the SCS decided the following: The Tierwis Formation (replacing the Drusberg Formation) was accepted, with the reserve that a section at Tierwis should be published in the near future. For the former “Lower Orbitolina Beds” the term Rawil Member was accepted, but here too a better type section than the one at Rawil Pass should be published. The term Rohrbachstein bed should not be used as a formal unit because it describes only a minor lithologic variation within the Grünten Member. The term Plaine Morte bed for a thin condensed horizon can not be accepted due to the fact that its definition is based mainly on biostratigraphy. Furthermore, the duplication a locality term which is in use for a previously established lithostratigraphic unit should be avoided. 相似文献
768.
Maria Gästgifvars Sylvin Müller-Navarra Lennart Funkquist Vibeke Huess 《Ocean Dynamics》2008,58(2):139-153
This paper is devoted to the validation of water level forecasts in the Gulf of Finland. Daily forecasts produced by four
setups of operational, three-dimensional Baltic Sea oceanographic models are analyzed using statistical means and are compared
with water level observations at three Finnish stations located on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland. The overall
conclusion is that the operational systems were skillful in forecasting water level variations during the study period from
November 1, 2003, to January 31, 2005. The factors causing differences between the water level forecasts of different models
are discussed as well. An important task of operational sea level forecasting services is to provide accurate and early information
about extreme water levels, both positive and negative surges. During the study period, two major winter storms occurred which
caused coastal flooding in the region. According to our analysis, the operational models forecast the rise of water levels
during these events rather successfully. Nowadays, operational forecasts can provide early warnings of extreme water levels
at least 1 day in advance, which may be regarded as a minimum requirement for an operational forecasting system. The paper
concludes that the models generally performed very well, with over 93% of the hourly water level forecasts found to be within
the range of ±15 cm of the observed water levels, and with the timing of the water level peaks accurately predicted. Further
discussion and studies dealing with the assessment of the skills of both operational meteorological and oceanographic forecasts,
especially in connection with rare surge events, will be necessary. Skill assessment of operational oceanographic models would
be relatively easy if acceptable error limits or a quality system was developed for the Baltic Sea operational models. 相似文献
769.
Highly-reduced dynamic orbits and their use for global gravity field recovery: A simulation study for GOCE 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The so-called highly reduced-dynamic (HRD) orbit determination strategy and its use for the determination of the Earth’s gravitational
field are analyzed. We discuss the functional model for the generation of HRD orbits, which are a compromise of the two extreme
cases of dynamic and purely geometrically determined kinematic orbits. For gravity field recovery the energy integral approach
is applied, which is based on the law of energy conservation in a closed system. The potential of HRD orbits for gravity field
determination is studied in the frame of a simulated test environment based on a realistic GOCE orbit configuration. The results
are analyzed, assessed, and compared with the respective reference solutions based on a kinematic orbit scenario. The main
advantage of HRD orbits is the fact that they contain orbit velocity information, thus avoiding numerical differentiation
on the orbit positions. The error characteristics are usually much smoother, and the computation of gravity field solutions
is more efficient, because less densely sampled orbit information is sufficient. On the other hand, the main drawback of HRD
orbits is that they contain external gravity field information, and thus yield the danger to obtain gravity field results
which are biased towards this prior information. 相似文献
770.
Detailed 14C AMS data and isotope based stratigraphies from high-resolution paleoceanographic records for the last 22 ka of cores from
the upper continental slope off NE Brazil reveal sedimentation rates of up to 100 cm per 1000 yr. Variations in the sediment
composition relate to changes in the input of terrigenous material. The sedimentation is controlled by sea level and by the
climatic regime of the hinterland. Short-term changes in the tropical wind field may act as a climatic trigger. The zonality
of the SE trades was probably increased and the monsoonal activity over Africa reduced during the Younger Dryas period. 相似文献