张掖市水资源实物型投入产出表的编制应用

实物型投入产出模型更适合用于核算与量化分析经济系统与资源环境间直接及间接的耦合关联。采用Helga Weisz的方法,通过价值型向实物型表转换,编制完成张掖市实物型投入产出表。基于实物型投入产出模型,对张掖市各部门水资源利用在社会经济系统中迁移特点和部门关联程度及乘数进行分析。结果表明：实物表为我们提供了新的分析视角,此方法的应用在资源环境领域的应用具有相当的适用价值。间接需求对水资源影响不容忽视,每个部门的乘数作用很大程度影响该部门在虚拟水战略中的地位和作用。畜牧业、制造业、建筑业在张掖市水资源利用部门关联中作用突出,应作为水资源的社会化管理重点关注的部门。     

中国西北地区旱涝年南亚高压异常特征

利用1961年1月1日至2010年12月31日NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和站点观测资料,统计分析表明：中国西北区域重旱年典型特征为3、4月南亚高压中心均出现偏西约40°;偏旱年典型特征为3月至4月出现中心位置西移之后东撤,4月至5月出现西移,或4月偏东40°;偏涝年典型特征为7月至8月东西振荡幅度大;西北区域多雨年典型特征为5月中心位置位于孟加拉湾海域,9月明显出现南亚高压东部型,12月位置偏西40°。面积距平最明显的特征是重旱年、偏旱年南亚高压面积偏小,偏涝年、多雨年南亚高压面积偏大,同样也可以看到重旱年4月南亚高亚异常特征十分明显。强度和面积与西北区域降水很好的相关性主要存在于2—4月。     

Hydrothermal pattern of frozen soil in Nam Co lake basin,the Tibetan Plateau

Hydrothermal processes and the regimes of frozen soil formed in alpine regions with glaciers and lake area are complex and important for ecological environment but have not been studied in Tibet. Based on soil temperature and moisture data from October 2005 to September 2006 collected in the Nam Co lake basin, Tibetan Plateau (TP), those questions were discussed. The mean annual air temperature was −3.4°C with 8 months below 0°C. Air and soil temperature varied between −25.3~13.1°C and −10.3~8.8°C, respectively. Soil moisture variations in the active layer were small with the minimum value of 1.4%, but were influenced greatly by snowmelt, rainfall and evaporation, varying up to 53.8%. The active layer froze later, thawed earlier and was thinner, however, the lower altitude limit of permafrost is higher than that in most areas of TP. The effects of soil moisture (unfrozen water content) on soil temperature, which were estimated through proposed models, were more significant near ground surface than the other layers. The surface soil temperature decreased with snowcover, the effect of cold snow meltwater infiltration on soil thermal conditions was negligible, however, the effect of rainfall infiltration was evident causing thermal disruptions.     

江汉平原主要河流沉积物重矿物特征与物源区岩性的响应

通过对江汉平原主要河流沉积物的重矿物组合、特征矿物以及能够反映沉积物稳定状况、物源及成熟度的重矿物特征指数(ATi,GZi和ZTR)进行对比分析,发现在江汉平原范围内,长江和汉江及其长江主要支流的沉积物中重矿物特征具有显著的差异。长江的重矿物组合模型为：  锆石+绿帘石+辉石+绿泥石+金属矿物,特征矿物是锆石和辉石;   汉江的重矿物组合模型为：  绿帘石+角闪石+石榴石+绿泥石+金属矿物,特征矿物是角闪石、石榴石;   另外,清江、漳河、沮水和玛瑙河的重矿物组合及特征矿物也都完全不同。而且各水系的沉积物的重矿物特征与其源区的岩性分布显示出极好的相关性。研究表明在江汉平原利用重矿物特征及组合模型来进行物源示踪的方法开展水系演化研究是可行的。     

气候系统模式FGOALS_gI模拟的小冰期气候

利用1650～1750年逐年变化的太阳辐照度等外强迫资料,驱动中国科学院大气物理研究所LASG发展的快速气候系统模式FGOALS_gl,模拟了小冰期(LIA)气候.把模拟的LIA表面温度变化与重建资料进行对比,结果表明FGOALS_gl对LIA气候具有较强的模拟能力,说明太阳辐照度的自然变化是导致小冰期气候的重要成因.模拟结果显示,LIA时期纬向平均温度变化表现为整个对流层降温,低纬度地Ⅸ的降温中心位于对流层中层,北半球降温幅度大于南半球,高纬地区的降温幅度大于低纬地区.分析发现,中高纬地区的局地温度变化主要与环流异常相对应的冷暖平流有关;低纬地区的降温主要与赤道东风加强有关,东风增强通过增大蒸发和引起次表层冷海水上翻而令表层温度降低.LIA时期的降水变化丰要位于中低纬地区,表现为日界线东(西)侧降水的负(正)异常.与降水异常相对应.Walker环流加强,东太平洋对流活动减弱,它与低纬地区对流层中层冷异常相联系.与大气层顶净短波辐射异常的季节变化相对应,南、北半球夏季平均表面温度异常较之冬季低0.28℃左右.     

Cosmic ray spectrum from diffusive shock acceleration

Nonlinear propagation of cylindrical and spherical dust-acoustic solitons in an unmagnetized dusty plasma consisting of cold dust grains, superthermal ions and electrons are investigated. For this purpose, the standard reductive perturbation method is employed to derive the cylindrical/spherical Korteweg-de-Vries equation which governs the dynamics of dust-acoustic solitons. The effects of nonplanar geometry and superthermal distributions on the cylindrical and spherical dust acoustic solitons structures are also studied by numerical calculation of the cylindrical/spherical Korteweg-de-Vries equation.     

从页岩气革命看中国资源勘探的战略方向

美国页岩油气开发的巨大成功不仅对美国乃至世界油气供应格局产生明显影响,而且对地下资源勘探开发思路有重大启示.首先,向低品位资源开发能使可用资源的数量成倍增加;其次,找油找矿思路的拓宽可导致新区新领域的开拓;第三,实现上两点必须有技术水平创新式发展.中国矿产资源发展的战略方向亦应强调向多种低品位资源的开拓,提高选矿水平,推进资源的综合勘探开发利用.为此,要积极持续地进行找矿新思路、新领域和新技术研究.     

青藏公路沿线土壤微生物数量变化及其影响因素研究

以青藏公路沿线土壤为研究对象, 研究了土壤可培养微生物数量的变化特征及影响因子. 结果表明: 青藏公路沿线土壤可培养微生物数量为0.77×10⁶~2.44×10⁷CFU·g^-1dw; 沿青藏公路从南(申格里贡山)到北(西大滩), 土壤可培养细菌与真菌数量表现为先迅速减少, 然后渐趋平缓; 可培养放线菌数量先减少后增加; 土壤总氮、 有机碳和含水量逐渐降低, 而pH值逐渐升高. C/N比率与真菌/细菌比率变化趋势相似, 均为先增加后减少. 土壤可培养微生物数量与理化因子的相关性分析结果表明: 青藏公路沿线土壤微生物数量主要受纬度和土壤理化性质的影响, 表现为微生物数量与纬度和pH值显著负相关, 而与总氮、 有机碳和含水量极显著正相关.     

Modifying the intensity distribution by assessing the reliability

This article presents an application of a procedure to modify the intensity distribution by assessing the reliability. There are two potential possibilities that may influence the intensity distribution: (1) For the interpolation error, we generate a measured grid across the calculation region. When the point to station spacing is <5 km, we consider the results precise; however, some points have less precision because these are farther from the corresponding stations. When the spacing is between 5 and 50 km, we consider the results imprecise and define a reliability factor that correlates with the distance. (2) Some records may have errors that result from local site conditions, equipment problems, or some disturbance such as lightning stroke, which will lead to some grid points having an incorrect intensity. We regress the attenuation relation for sites with abnormal intensities and consider the results to be accurate when the standard deviation (STD) is <σ and inaccurate when the STD is > 2σ. We then define a reliability factor to correlate with STD between σ and 2σ, such that the intensity distribution is in accord with both wave propagation theory and the investigation intensity.     

桩承式路堤土拱效应发挥过程研究

通过三维模型试验对桩承式路堤中土拱效应发挥过程进行了研究,重点分析了不同桩顶盖板尺寸、不同加筋方式下应力折减系数与差异沉降之间的关系。结果表明,土拱效应随变形的增加而发挥;加筋材料的设置减小了差异沉降,削弱了填土中的土拱效应,荷载向桩顶的传递是土拱效应和拉膜效应共同作用的结果。采用有限元法对桩间距、填土高度等未能在模型试验中考虑的关键因素进行了参数敏感性分析,总结了土拱效应发挥过程的相关规律。根据有限元计算结果、试验数据和文献中收集到的实测资料,提出用土拱效应发挥系数和归一化位移来描述土拱效应的发挥过程,建议二者之间采用双曲线方程模拟,从而在设计中体现土拱效应随位移的发展,并满足路堤填土、加筋材料和地基之间的变形协调要求。