Effects of frictional forces acting on sidewalls of buried box culverts

The effects of frictional forces acting on the sidewalls of buried box culverts are presented as determined with finite element method (FEM) and detailed soil modelling. The possibility of reducing earth pressure on deeply buried concrete box culverts by the imperfect trench installation (ITI) method has been contemplated during the last several decades. There have been limited research results published primarily regarding the qualitative aspect of load reduction in ITIs. It was found during the course of this study that significant frictional forces develop along the sidewalls of box culverts and adjacent sidefills in ITIs. Current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials provisions do not consider these frictional forces, but they cannot be neglected in ITIs, as their effect is dominant. An optimum geometry for the soft zone in ITIs is presented to maximize earth load reductions. The soil–structure interaction at the box culvert–soil interface was found to have a significant effect on total earth pressure acting on the bottom slab. Predictor equations for earth load reduction rates were formulated for ITIs incorporating the optimum soft zone geometry based on the FEM. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

晋豫间黄河峡谷黄土状沙丘的光释光年代学探讨

通过对风陵渡-三门峡晋豫间黄河峡谷的地貌考察和1:50000 地形图(1970年)的分析,初步查明了黄河南岸黄土状沙丘的分布特征.选取河南省灵宝市豫灵镇阌底约75m高的黄土状沙丘剖面进行了观测和取样.根据该剖面的粒度分布特点,选取中颗粒(40～90μm)石英进行了光释光(OSL)测年研究.采用简化SAR法测量样品的等效剂量(De),其中5个样品与SAR法测量的De值对比,结果在误差范围内一致.对阌底剖面自上而下19个样品运用简化SAR法做了OSL年龄测定,其中8个还进行了4～11μm细颗粒石英简易多测片再生法(SMAR)OSL测年,两个粒级石英的OSL年龄测定值在测量误差范围内一致.初步结果表明,晋豫间黄河峡谷阌底黄土状沙丘发育不晚于距今约5.5万年前,并延续到全新世初期,风沙堆积速率在3.2万年前后曾出现显著变化.     

基于灰色有限差分模拟的地下水位动态研究

以灰色系统理论为基础,建立了模拟区域内离散结点的灰色有限差分数值模型,并给出了其灰色求解方法。通过对成安县2004-09-25～2006-05-29时段的地下水位模拟,表明运用灰色有限差分模型计算的地下水位为一＂灰带＂,实测水位值正好包含于这个＂灰带＂之中,由此验证了所建立的灰色模型对地下水流模拟结果客观合理。该模型可以将模拟中的一些不确定参数视为一个灰范围,运用该模型对成安进行地下水量开采模拟,预测未来地下水位的动态变化,为研究区域地下水资源的合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

Ammonia adsorption and nitritation in sediments derived from the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The influences of suspended particles (SPs) on NH₄ ⁺ adsorption and nitritation occurring in the water system of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were evaluated in this study. The results indicated that the adsorption of NH₄ ⁺ was significantly affected by the SPs concentration under the conditions typically present in the TGR. The amount of ammonia adsorbed per unit weight of suspended particles was inverse proportional to the concentration of suspended particles. However, the influences of the particle size and the organic matter concentration existing in SPs were insignificant under the experimental conditions. The effects of suspended particles on nitritation were determined by the use of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) strain SW16, identified as Nitrosomonas nitrosa, which was isolated from sediment samples of the TGR. Suspended particle concentration in water–sediment solution played an important role in the nitritation process. The rate of nitritation enhanced with the increase of the suspended particle concentration. It was found that the critical factor controlling ammonia oxidizing rate was the AOB biomass resulting from the AOB growth rate. Moreover, results demonstrated that both particle size and organic matter content showed little effect on the nitritation process under the experimental conditions.     

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of nutrients in Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone in the Pacific in 2017

This research investigated eight stations in Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone(CCFZ) in the eastern tropical Pacific in 2017 to study the spatial distribution characteristics of nutrients and chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentration,and compared nutrient concentrations and molar ratios with those of other investigations 20 years ago in the same area. The study found that dissolved inorganic nutrient(N, P and Si) concentrations were lowest in the upper layer, and increased from surface to some depths, t...     

Early development of Silvetia babingtonii (Fucales,Phaeophyceae)

Silvetia babingtonii is a potentially economic brown alga for sources of food and high-value added utilization. So far, sporeling nursery and field cultivation has not been successful. The lack of knowledge on development and life cycle of this alga hinder the development of techniques for the sporeings and cultivation. In this study, internal structure of oogonium and antherium of S. babingtonii was observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining and through microscope. Meanwhile, early development from zygotes to juvenile sporelings was studied at 20℃ under 60–100 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Zygotes germinated and divided into thallus and rhizoid cells. The larger thallus cells further divided and developed into juvenile sporelings; while the smaller rhizoid cells divided and elongated into rhizoid hairs. These findings documented the life cycle of S. babingtonii and provided fundamental knowledge for sporeling nursery in the near future.     

Research advances in eco-hydrological process and function

Present studies on the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between basin ecosystem and hydrological process has become an international research frontier in hydrology. This paper investigates this coupling relationship, and also summarizes research and presents a method of combining isotopic technology with hydro-chemical methods, for the study of eco-hydrological process and function in different landscape zones. We then examine research trends for future direction and development of this field.