华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征的观测与分析

利用2006 2013年CALIOP激光雷达Level 1B数据的气溶胶衰减后向散射系数、退偏比和色比观测,分析了华北地区大气气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布特征。统计结果显示:2010-2013年,华北地区4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈减小的趋势,而0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈增长趋势。说明2010年以后近地面层(0-2 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐增强,高层(4-8 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐降低,这与近年华北地区霾天气(颗粒物主要聚集在近地层)日趋增加、沙尘天气(沙尘气溶胶层经常存在于4-8 km的范围)有所减少相吻合。20062013年,华北地区冬季0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值最大,近地面层气溶胶散射作用最大,这与该地区冬季取暖燃烧排放增加有关。春、秋两季4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值较大,夏季0-8 km各高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均最小,说明春、秋季节的气溶胶散射贡献主要来自4-8 km的对流层上部大气。春季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北地区春季频发的沙尘天气有关,秋季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北收获季节的生物质燃烧有关。2008年以后,华北地区2-8 km范围内各高度层的退偏比均值逐年减小,这说明规则的球形气溶胶粒子在近几年有所增加。0-4 km范围的低层大气,2009年后色比均值缓慢增加。而6-8 km范围内的色比均值从2008年后一直都是减小的,说明2008年后对流层上部大气(4-8 km)气溶胶粒子的尺度在减小,这也与近几年沙尘天气减少、霾天数增加的现象是一致的。0-8 km各个高度范围内的退偏比和色比均值春季最大,且退偏比随着高度的增加而增加,再次证明春季华北受沙尘天气影响,不规则的粗粒子气溶胶最多。夏、冬季节近地面层(0-2km)退偏比和色比均值略大于2-4 km高度层的,夏、冬两季近地面主要以人为活动排放的气溶胶为主,冬季除了汽车尾气排放和工业排放外,还有取暖增加的排放。近地面层易受人为活动影响混合一些不规则气溶胶。     

库车盆地白垩系碎屑白云母物源区示踪与构造意义

沉积盆地碎屑岩记录了相邻造山带构造演化及隆升剥蚀的重要信息。本文对库车盆地白垩系砂岩中的白云母进行了电子探针及~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年分析,并与天山造山带的数据对比研究表明:库车盆地白垩系砂岩中白云母为多硅白云母,硅原子数小于西南天山蓝片岩及榴辉岩中的多硅白云母,形成时的压力低于目前保留在西南天山蓝片岩中多硅白云母;白垩系砂岩多硅白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄为396.6 Ma,与在低温高压变质带中获得的多硅白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄419~310Ma一致,表明了在白垩纪西南天山低温高压变质岩带已抬升至地表遭受剥蚀,为库车盆地提供大量的物质,也表明了在白垩纪西南天山低温高压变质岩带高度(海拔)高于其南部的哈尔克山,而现今天山地貌形态显示低温高压变质岩海拔低于哈尔克山,这可能是由于新生代天山地区差异隆升剥蚀引起的。     

北大巴山新元古代龙潭河组的源区特征：来自碎屑组成和锆石年代学的证据

沿扬子板块北缘大巴山弧形断裂出露的新元古代龙潭河组主体为一套富火山碎屑沉积岩夹原生火山碎屑岩组合。长期以来,它们以及上覆砂砾岩组合(木座组)(前人认为冰蹟岩)统被解释为扬子板块北缘新元古代陆内裂谷和被动陆缘沉积。龙潭河组岩石组合包括杂砂岩、含砾粗砂岩、砾岩、凝灰质粉砂岩夹(含砾)凝灰岩。砂岩碎屑组成研究表明,龙潭河组碎屑以火山岩岩屑和斜长石为主,少量石英,砾岩砾石主要为玄武岩、玄武安山岩/安山岩。这些特征表明物源区主要出露中、基性火山岩和富火山碎屑沉积岩,少量长英质岩石,源区大地构造背景为岛弧。本文对一套具有近源堆积特征的火山质砾岩进行了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年分析,结果显示锆石具有两组集中年龄群,峰值分别为~770 Ma和~705 Ma,表明源区存在至少两期岩浆活动。龙潭河组砾石、岩屑和锆石较差的磨圆度和分选性共同表明它们为一套近源沉积,碎屑组成表明物源区为~705 Ma岛弧,形成于弧后环境。龙潭河组物源区岛弧构造背景的确定暗示南秦岭造山带北大巴山地区与俯冲相关的岛弧构造体制一直持续到~705 Ma。     

西准噶尔北部早二叠世石英正长斑岩的地球化学特征及意义

朱鲁木特石英正长斑岩出露于西准噶尔北部。地球化学研究结果显示,它们的SiO2含量在74.5%~77.6%之间,显示高的K2O(4.60%~5.58%)、全碱(8.14%~9.61%)含量和高的K2O/Na2O比值(1.25~1.38),属于高钾钙碱性岩系列。铝饱和指数(A/CNK)=1.04~1.18,为过铝质岩石系列。稀土元素总量在128×10-6~236×10-6之间。它们显示了轻稀土富集[(La/Yb)N=6.0~10.4],重稀土相对平坦[(Gd/Yb)N=0.96~1.12],强烈的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.23~0.26)为特征。微量元素显示亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高强场元素,富集Rb、K、U和Th等大离子亲石元素和La、Nd和Zr等元素。岩浆源区可能经历了斜长石,磷灰石,钛铁矿等矿物的分离结晶作用。石英正长斑岩具有正的εNd(t)和εHf(t),年轻的t2DM(Nd)(474~572 Ma)和t2DM(Hf)(357~931Ma)模式年龄,可能是古生代新生地壳物质的部分熔融的产物。它们具有较高的锆石饱和温度(834~865℃),与西准噶尔北部的A型花岗岩几乎同时形成,表明西准噶尔地区在早二叠世处于一种拉张高温的环境。     

板块俯冲对岩浆作用影响的同位素地球化学示踪研究

同位素已成为俯冲带岩浆作用研究中灵敏的地球化学示踪剂,是约束岩浆运移过程和时间尺度的有力工具。综述了近几十年来利用Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素、Li和B同位素以及Be和短周期铀系同位素等方法,在俯冲带岩浆作用过程、时间尺度、岩浆源区物质特征、岩浆形成演化及控制机制等方面取得的进展和成果。最后指出将不同同位素研究应用于弧后盆地岩浆作用的研究中,必将为全球俯冲带岩浆作用研究带来突破性的进展和成果。     

Status of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coreius</Emphasis> species in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which, in turn, cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir, from impoundment of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China, may have affected native fish species. Thus, the status of two lotic freshwater fish species, Coreius heterodon and C. guichenoti, were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir, including fish abundance, individual composition, growth, condition, and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and, where available, from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance, slower growth, a less diversified age structure, poorer fish condition (indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore, after final impoundment, individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed, with young individuals becoming more abundant, while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.     

Solutions for Displacement and Stress in Strain-Softening Surrounding Rock Incorporating the Effects of Hydraulic–Mechanical Coupling and Rockbolts Effectiveness

This study focuses on the stress and displacement of a circular opening that is excavated in a strain-softening rock mass incorporating the effects of hydraulic–mechanical coupling and rockbolts effectiveness. It follows the generalized Hoek–Brown failure criterion. Moreover, an improved numerical approach and stepwise procedure are proposed. This approach considers the deterioration of the strength, deformation, and dilation angle and the variation of elastic strain in the plastic region considering the effect of the hydraulic–mechanical coupling and the rockbolts effectiveness. The presented solutions were validated by FLAC results. Several examples are conducted to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed solution through MATLAB programming. Parametric studies are also conducted to highlight the influences of hydraulic–mechanical coupling and rockbolts effectiveness on stress and displacement. Results show that stress and displacement, incorporating the effects of hydraulic–mechanical coupling and rockbolts effectiveness, are between those when hydraulic–mechanical coupling or rockbolts effectiveness is considered separately. However, this theory needs more verification from practical engineering.     

省界断面水资源监测站网建设实施与探讨

省界断面水资源监测是实行最严格水资源管理制度的重要基础工作,介绍了省界断面水资源监测站网建设的建设目标、主要任务、建设内容和投资,阐述了项目的实施和安排,并针对当前项目实施情况和特点,探讨了项目实施和运行管理需要注意的问题。