High-resolution mesoscale analysis data from the South China heavy rainfall experiment (SCHeREX): Data generation and quality evaluation

In this study, the observational data acquired in the South China Heavy Rainfall Experiment (SCHeREX) from May to July 2008 and 2009 were integrated and assimilated with the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS; information available online at ). A high-resolution mesoscale analysis dataset was then generated at a spatial resolution of 5 km and a temporal resolution of 3 h in four observational areas: South China, Central China, Jianghuai area, and Yangtze River Delta area. The quality of this dataset was evaluated as follows. First, the dataset was qualitatively compared with radar reflectivity and TBB image for specific heavy rainfall events so as to examine its capability in reproduction of mesoscale systems. The results show that the SCHeREX analysis dataset has a strong capability in capturing severe mesoscale convective systems. Second, the mean deviation and root mean square error of the SCHeREX mesoscale analysis fields were analyzed and compared with radiosonde data. The results reveal that the errors of geopotential height, temperature, relative humidity, and wind of the SCHeREX analysis were within the acceptable range of observation errors. In particular, the average error was 45 m for geopotential height between 700 and 925 hPa, 1.0–1.1°C for temperature, less than 20% for relative humidity, 1.5–2.0 m s⁻¹ for wind speed, and 20°–25° for wind direction. The above results clearly indicate that the SCHeREX mesoscale analysis dataset is of high quality and sufficient reliability, and it is applicable to refined mesoscale weather studies.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics of earthquake disaster losses in China from 1993 to 2016

The present study analyzes the runoff response during extreme rain events over the basin of Subarnarekha River in India using soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). The SWAT model is configured for the Subarnarekha River basin with 32 sub-basins. Three gauging stations in the basin (viz., Adityapur, Jamshedpur and Ghatshila) were selected to assess the model performance. Daily stream flow data are taken from Central Water Commission, India—Water Resources Information System. Calibration and validation of the model were performed using the soil and water assessment tool-calibration uncertainty programs (SWAT-CUPs) with sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm. The model was run for the period from 1982 to 2011 with a calibration period from 1982 to 1997 and a validation period from 1998 to 2011. The sensitivity of basin parameters has been analyzed in order to improve the runoff simulation efficiency of the model. The study concluded that the model performed well in Ghatshila gauging station with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.68 during calibration and 0.62 during validation at daily scale. The model, thus calibrated and validated, was then applied to evaluate the extreme monsoon rain events in recent years. Five extreme events were identified in Jamshedpur and Ghatshila sub-basins of Subarnarekha River basin. The simulation results were found to be good for the extreme events with the NSE of 0.89 at Jamshedpur and 0.96 at Ghatshila gauging stations. The findings of this study can be useful in runoff simulation and flood forecasting for extreme rainfall events in Subarnarekha River basin.     

Impact of climatic change on streamflow in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,China

Abstract

Characteristics of hydroclimatic change in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River are analysed using data collected over the past 50 years. The effect of autocorrelation of time series on trend analysis is removed by adopting a pre-whitening technique. Long-term hydrometeorological trend and abrupt changes are analysed by the Mann-Kendall test. The results were validated by the linear trend and Spearman methods. Correlations between runoff change with air temperature and with precipitation were studied with the Pearson method. The results clearly show that average air temperature in the upper reaches of the river is increasing, and precipitation decreasing, with differences in spatio-temporal distribution. Runoff change has a clear positive correlation with precipitation. Meteorological change, especially in precipitation, is the key governing influence of runoff volume. The annual runoff decrease, especially the decrease of inflow in spring and autumn and earlier appearance and longer duration of the low-flow season, will impact greatly on irrigation and municipal water supply. Therefore, relevant measures and further study are necessary.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Q. Zhang

Citation Huang, X.R., Zhao, J.W., Li, W.H., and Jiang, H.X., 2013. Impact of climatic change on streamflow in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, China. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (1), 154–164.     

测井约束反演在鄂尔多斯盆地东缘致密砂岩勘探中的应用

"先成型"致密砂岩气的勘探重点是寻找相对高孔渗砂岩,基于该观点,以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界为研究对象,以"相控储层"为思路,结合构造、沉积等研究成果,开展测井约束反演工作,以此寻找相对高孔渗优质储层。研究区有利储层较为成功的预测表明,依据地质、测井资料,采用拟声波重构技术可有效提高测井曲线岩性识别能力,并为砂岩识别提供波阻抗门槛;利用自动迭代子波扫描求取每口井的最佳子波,实行多个子波同时参与反演,可获得初始模型与井旁地震数据的最佳匹配。另外在构建地质模型时,针对不同储层的沉积特点,选取了不同的插值方式进行分段反演,有效划分出不同层段中有利区带及最佳目的层段。     

谱分解技术在煤层厚度预测及沉积环境方面的应用

谱分解技术是通过短时窗离散傅里叶变换(DFT)将地震资料从时间域转换到频率域,得到振幅谱及相位谱调谐体的一项处理技术。通过谱分解顺层相位与频率切片可以较清晰地了解区内煤层的岩性特征及沉积环境,从而预测煤厚。基于该项技术,以山西省沁水盆地某研究区山西组3煤层为例,研究了3号煤层厚度与下伏砂岩厚度的对应关系,发现3煤层厚度与基底分流河道砂岩厚度呈负相关关系,即煤层厚度随基底砂岩厚度增大而减小。由此认为在三角洲平原沉积环境下,在钻孔较少且分布不均匀时,可通过谱分解属性切片对煤层基底砂岩厚度的预测来推断煤厚。该区利用谱分解技术预测的煤厚趋势与振幅法获得的煤厚趋势相比,其精度较高,因此,谱分解技术不失为一种较好的煤层预测方法。     

基于能耗最优的TLP张力腿水下无线监测组网方法研究

张力腿作为张力腿平台(tension leg platform,简称TLP)的重要组成部分,服役水深大,动力学行为复杂多样。为了保障张力腿的结构安全,开展张力腿的水下全方位监测十分必要。文中以某TLP为依托,构建一套能耗最优的张力腿监测系统。首先,利用附加质量法对张力腿进行湿模态分析,结合有效独立法与模态置信度准则确定张力腿监测节点的具体布设方案;其次,以能耗最低为优化目标,基于遗传算法建立了水下无线组网监测方案,同时讨论了监测节点存在失效时监测数据传输路径改变方案;最终,得到一套能耗最优的TLP张力腿水下无线组网监测方法,以降低水下监测系统维护成本。     

Relationships between Cloud Droplet Spectral Relative Dispersion and Entrainment Rate and Their Impacting Factors

Cloud microphysical properties are significantly affected by entrainment and mixing processes. However, it is unclear how the entrainment rate affects the relative dispersion of cloud droplet size distribution. Previously, the relationship between relative dispersion and entrainment rate was found to be positive or negative. To reconcile the contrasting relationships, the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model is used to determine the underlying mechanisms. When evaporation is dominated by small droplets, and the entrained environmental air is further saturated during mixing, the relationship is negative. However, when the evaporation of big droplets is dominant, the relationship is positive. Whether or not the cloud condensation nuclei are considered in the entrained environmental air is a key factor as condensation on the entrained condensation nuclei is the main source of small droplets. However, if cloud condensation nuclei are not entrained, the relationship is positive. If cloud condensation nuclei are entrained, the relationship is dependent on many other factors. High values of vertical velocity, relative humidity of environmental air, and liquid water content, and low values of droplet number concentration, are more likely to cause the negative relationship since new saturation is easier to achieve by evaporation of small droplets. Further, the signs of the relationship are not strongly affected by the turbulence dissipation rate, but the higher dissipation rate causes the positive relationship to be more significant for a larger entrainment rate. A conceptual model is proposed to reconcile the contrasting relationships. This work enhances the understanding of relative dispersion and lays a foundation for the quantification of entrainment-mixing mechanisms.     

青海玉树县南洞卡组粗面安山岩地球化学特征：岩石成因与构造背景探讨

青海玉树县南洞卡组粗面安山岩的SiO₂含量为55.92%～57.85%,高Na₂O、MgO和Al₂O₃,低K₂O、TiO₂和 P₂O₅,铝饱和指数A/CNK=0.98～1.08,具有准铝-弱过铝质的特点。岩石K₂O含量低,Na₂O/K₂O=12.60～15.97,显示出钠质粗面安山岩特征。SiO₂-K₂O图解和里特曼指数(2.89～3.25),说明岩石属于钙碱性系列。稀土配分模式为轻稀土弱富集右倾型,铕弱负异常(σEu=0.90～0.96)。微量元素蛛网图显示,岩石富集Rb、Th和U等元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta和大离子亲石元素Ba,样品Ce/Pb、Nb/U 并未随着MgO含量的升高而升高,样品的La/Nb、Zr/Nb、Ba/Nb比值均表现出良好的稳定性,表明岩浆在上升过程中遭受地壳物质混染的可能性不大,可能是其源区特征的反映。研究表明岩浆经历了橄榄石和单斜辉石的结晶分异,且受到俯冲板片熔体对源区的改造作用。结合234 Ma的形成年龄,说明该粗面安山岩是金沙江洋盆向西俯冲消减和斜向碰撞的地质记录,其形成时代和地球化学特征也为江达-维西火山弧的形成演化及成矿作用研究提供依据。     

欧龙布鲁克地块西段达肯大坂岩群物质组成及变形特征研究

达肯大坂岩群是欧龙布鲁克地块结晶基底的重要组成部分,在形成过程中保存了丰富的物质记录和演化信息,是研究欧龙布鲁克地块乃至我国西部古老地壳及构造演化的窗口。通过对达肯大坂岩群详细的物质组成及构造剖面研究,根据岩石组合及变质-变形特征,将其进一步细化为混合片麻岩岩段、(混合岩化)流变片麻岩岩段、条带状片麻岩岩段、片岩岩段和大理岩岩段,野外调查表明,达肯大坂岩群中发育多期构造变形作用,根据野外变形特征及各期变形的叠加改造关系,初步建立了达肯大坂岩群相对变形序列,为区域构造过程的探讨与对比提供了新的基础资料。     

大跨度斜拉桥横桥向减震研究

斜拉桥在横桥向采用塔-梁、墩-梁固结的约束体系,导致其整体刚度增加,地震惯性力增大,给边墩及其基础的抗震设计造成困难。分别采用位移相关型(方案1)和速度相关型(方案2)两类减震装置对一座斜拉桥的横桥向进行了减震研究。方案1在边墩-主梁间设置位移相关型减震装置,并对其屈服荷载进行了参数分析;方案2对速度相关型减震装置的安装位置和数量进行了优化分析,并对其参数取值进行了参数分析;对横桥向固结体系和减震体系的地震反应进行了对比。结果表明:地震作用下两类减震装置发生滞回变形,延长了结构在横桥向的周期,有效降低了边墩的地震剪力和弯矩反应;横桥向墩-梁间的相对位移会增大,可通过减震装置参数的选取将其控制在合理的范围内;塔底的地震剪力和弯矩反应变化不明显。2种方案均可用于斜拉桥横向减震。