“Exploring petroleum inside source kitchen”: Shale oil and gas in Sichuan Basin

The Sichuan Basin is rich in shale oil and gas resources, with favorable geological conditions that the other shale reservoirs in China cannot match. Thus, the basin is an ideal option for fully "exploring petroleum inside source kitchen" with respect to onshore shale oil and gas in China. This paper analyzes the characteristics of shale oil and gas resources in the United States and China, and points out that maturity plays an important role in controlling shale oil and gas composition. US shale oil and gas exhibit high proportions of light hydrocarbon and wet gas, whereas Chinese marine and transitional shale gas is mainly dry gas and continental shale oil is generally heavy. A comprehensive geological study of shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin reveals findings with respect to the following three aspects. First, there are multiple sets of organic-rich shale reservoirs of three types in the basin, such as the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation marine shale, Permian Longtan Formation transitional shale, Triassic Xujiahe Formation lake-swamp shale, and Jurassic lacustrine shale. Marine shale gas enrichment is mainly controlled by four elements: Deep-water shelf facies, moderate thermal evolution, calcium-rich and silicon-rich rock association, and closed roof/floor. Second, the "sweet section" is generally characterized by high total organic carbon, high gas content, large porosity, high brittle minerals content, high formation pressure,and the presence of lamellation/bedding and natural microfractures. Moreover, the "sweet area" is generally characterized by very thick organic-rich shale, moderate thermal evolution, good preservation conditions, and shallow burial depth, which are exemplified by the shale oil and gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, Longtan Formation, and Daanzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation. Third, the marine, transitional, and continental shale oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin account for 50%, 25%, and 30% of the respective types of shale oil and gas geological resources in China, with great potential to become the cradle of the shale oil and gas industrial revolution in China. Following the "Conventional Daqing-Oil"(i.e., the Daqing oilfield in the Songliao Basin) and the "Western Daqing-Oil Gas"(i.e., the Changqing oilfield in the Ordos Basin), the Southwest oil and gas field in the Sichuan Basin is expected to be built into a "Sichuan-Chongqing Daqing-Gas" in China.     

雅砻江锦屏水电站工程区活动构造研究及地壳稳定性评价

北东向的锦屏山-小金河断裂带从北东到南西斜穿整个锦屏水电站工程区。在它的东南和西北分别有北北西走向的羊坪子-纸厂沟断层组和北西走向的前波、高牛场等断层。锦屏山-小金河断裂带的马山头-周家坪断层组、瓦科断层组和北西向前波断层等晚第四纪继续活动, 但活动强度很弱。工程区新构造运动以整体抬升为主, 兼水平滑移和旋转运动。历史至今, 工程区地震活动微弱, 是地壳相对稳定的地区。     

基于RS与GIS的碳酸盐岩遥感影像特征研究——以黔南地区为例

文章利用Landsat8卫星影像数据,结合黔南碳酸盐岩岩性图、黔南构造要素图等地质资料,以石灰岩、白云岩以及石灰岩与白云岩互层三类岩组地层作为切入点,获取并分析了黔南地区碳酸盐岩的空间分布特征及其在遥感影像上的表现特征。结果发现:①石灰岩地层在影像上总体显示为色调单一、地形高差大,基本无水系和建设用地分布;白云岩地层在影像上总体表现为色调丰富、水系发育、建设用地分布多;石灰岩与白云岩互层地层总体影像特征介于二者之间。②分布于不同构造发育区域的碳酸盐岩岩组地层在遥感影像上的表现特征差异较大,即使是同种岩性的地层也会由于受到节理、断层、向斜和背斜等构造的影响形成形态各异的影像。      

山东省降水量与不同强度降水日数变化对干旱的影响

采用山东省82个地面气象站1961～2004年日降水量,统计了历年的降水量、不同强度降水日数;利用累积距平及t检验法分析了干旱受灾面积、降水量和不同强度降水日数的长期变化趋势并进行了突变检验,相关分析方法研究了干旱气象灾害对降水量和不同强度降水日数变化的响应。结果表明:干旱受灾面积、年降水量及中等强度以上降水日数的转折年大都出现在1976年,微量降水日数、0.1～4.9 mm/d降水日数及总雨日数的转折年出现在1988年全球气候变暖背景下,转折年后年降水量及不同强度的雨日数异常偏少年份频繁出现;干旱受灾面积与降水量和不同强度降水日数呈显著的负相关,降水量或不同强度的降水日数异常偏少都将导致干旱的发生。20世纪70年代中期以后随着全球气候变暖,降水量和5.0～99.9 mm/d以上降水日数异常偏少年份增多是极端干旱气候事件频繁发生、干旱面积扩大的最主要原因。     

大型引水隧道在平面地震波入射下动力响应的解析解

本文以波函数展开法为基础,给出了SV波与P波入射时大型引水隧道平面地震响应的解析解.并根据解析解,利用数值方法对建立的场地模型进行了计算分析,研究了隧道结构-水体体系的地震响应.重点讨论了入射波频率、入射角、衬砌力学性能对衬砌结构动力响应的影响.分析表明,大型引水隧道动力响应受入射波频率和入射角的影响较为明显,而衬砌力...     

Comparison of the streamflow sensitivity to aridity index between the Danjiangkou Reservoir basin and Miyun Reservoir basin, China

The central route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project would divert water from the Danjiangkou Reservoir basin (DRB) to Beijing beginning in the year 2014. The current main surface water source for Beijing is the Miyun Reservoir basin (MRB). The observed streamflows into the DRB and the MRB decreased significantly due to climatic variation and human activities from 1960 to 2005. The climate elasticity method is widely used to quantitatively separate the impacts of climatic variation and human activities on streamflow. One of the uncertainties of the method is that the impacts of changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration on streamflow are separated with the assumption that they are independent. However, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration are not totally independent. Aridity index, as the ratio between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation, could be considered as the representative indicator of climatic variation. In this study, the sensitivity of streamflow to aridity index is evaluated to assess the impact of climatic variation on streamflow in the DRB and the MRB. The result shows that streamflow in the MRB is more sensitive to climatic variation than that in the DRB. However, the effective impact of aridity index on streamflow is the product of the sensitivity and the change rate of aridity index. The attribution results show that change in aridity index contributed 68.8 % of the decrease in streamflow in the DRB while it contributed 31.5 % of the decrease in streamflow in the MRB. This indicated that the impact of climatic variation was the main reason of decrease in streamflow in the DRB while human activities such as increasing water consumption and land use change were the main reasons of decreasing streamflow in the MRB.     

“0185”上海特大暴雨成因分析

20 0 1年 8月 5～ 6日上海市发生特大暴雨 ,其中黄浦区和徐家汇区出现了 50年以来最大日雨量。利用加密卫星云图资料、上海南汇WSR 88D多普勒雷达资料和加密观测等资料对“0 1 85”特大暴雨过程作了天气动力学诊断分析发现 :本次特大暴雨是中 β尺度系统强烈发展引起的 ;初步揭示了深厚的湿中性层结和对称不稳定是导致中 β尺度系统发展的激发机制 ,是特大暴雨形成的主要因素。     

中国生态农业的发展与展望

农业是国民经济的基础,在通过科学技术进步和土地集约化利用取得巨大成绩的同时,也造成了生态与环境问题的日益加剧。在这一形势下,人类社会开始反思农业发展的政策、模式和技术,认识到农业的发展,不仅要提高产量以满足人们对农产品的数量需求,还要提高产品质量,保证食物安全,发挥生态系统的多种功能。20世纪末,中国生态学家和农学家共同提出了具有中国特色的生态农业概念。经过近30年的实践和发展,中国生态农业建立了较为完善的理论体系,总结了适应中国国情的成功模式,开展了不同层面的生态农业建设试点,取得了显著的成效,并得到国际社会的广泛承认与赞扬。但也存在一些问题,如对农业的多种生态服务功能没有给予充分的重视,缺乏市场化引导、规模化经营、专业化生产和品牌化推广等。面对着新时期社会经济发展的特点与资源环境瓶颈,中国生态农业需要在产业循环、多功能化、高品质、产业化以及融合传统精华与现代技术、实现农村可持续发展等方面多做努力。     

基于离海距和GIS技术的福建低温精细监测

利用福建省1:250000的DEM资料和67个气象站气温观测数据,在建立最低气温与经纬度、海拔高度相关推算方程的基础上, 融合离海距因子, 对2008—2010年冬季3个冷空气过程的最低气温 (数值及分布状态) 进行精细模拟,同时总结出利用逐步回归及综合残差平方和选取适宜离海距的方法。结果表明:融合离海距因子后,对冷空气过程最低气温的模拟效果更好。随着过程平均降温幅度的增大,离海距对过程最低气温模拟值的贡献率有减小趋势。不同冷空气过程的离海距大小存在差异,总体上以50 km为标准,再进一步得出适宜离海距。离海距以外区域最低气温模拟适用经度、纬度、海拔高度3个因子确定的地理气候方程进行,以内区域则适用在上述最低气温模拟方法的基础上融合离海距因子进行,以达到提高低温监测模拟精度和体现海洋对陆地温度调节能力的目的。经检验,模拟结果与实际情况基本相符。