“Internet+” approach to mapping exposure and seismic vulnerability of buildings in a context of rapid socioeconomic growth: a case study in Tangshan,China

This paper presents the development of an “Internet+” approach to mapping exposure and seismic vulnerability of buildings in a context of rapid socioeconomic growth. This approach is a combination of the following interdependent components: (1) extraction of footprint areas of a large number of buildings from high-resolution Google Earth images; (2) estimation of floor numbers of these buildings with an integrated use of high-resolution Google Earth images, Tencent/Baidu Street Views, crowdsourcing data, and associated building-relevant local knowledge; and (3) identification of structural types of these buildings by a combined use of crowdsourcing data and associated building-relevant local knowledge. The efficacy of this “Internet+” approach was demonstrated through an application in Tangshan, China. Field-based verification indicated that the overall mean absolute percentage error of the proposed “Internet+” approach in assessing the total floor area of the addressed buildings was 4.64 %. The verification also showed that the overall consistency between the estimated structural types using the proposed approach and the actual structural types of the buildings with structural type uncertainties could reach 97.54 %, with a kappa coefficient of 0.94. Because of its good accuracy, noteworthy speed, substantial labor savings, negligible cost and distinctive capability in covering large areas in near real time, this “Internet+” approach might have promising prospects in actual seismic loss risk reduction challenges.

     

全国极端气温事件的空间关联模式挖掘研究

根据全国739个气象台站1961年1月至2005年12月的逐日气象数据记录建立时空序列数据集,提取极端高温事件和极端低温事件。结合传统关联规则挖掘技术和地理空间数据分析方法,对极端气温事件数据集进行了空间关联模式的分析。实验结果显示,所得空间关联模式中涉及的区域在空间上具有明显的聚集性;在东北、华中两个局部地区的台站中,极端气温事件的发生存在较强的关联规则（支持度阈值6%,置信度阈值95%）,而在其他区域的台站中,极端气温事件不存在类似的关联规则,且极端高温事件的关联规则数量要明显高于极端低温事件。对存在关联规则的台站进行空间分析发现,同一关联规则内的各台站具有空间邻近性,其邻近范围约为200 km。以上空间关联模式的挖掘分析,可以为我国极端气温事件的预警和防控提供有价值的参考。     

Mesozoic-Cenozoic Multi-Stage Intraplate Deformation Events in the Langshan Region and their Tectonic Implications

In the Langshan region, northwestern China, marked multi-stage intraplate deformation events have occurred since the Mesozoic, including（1） northeast-striking ductile left-lateral strike slip during the Middle-Late Triassic, which is closely related to the collision between the North China and the Yangtze plates;（2） top-to-the-southeast thrust with northwest-southeast trending maximum compression during the Late Jurassic;（3） nearly eastward detachment during the Early Cretaceous;（4） top-to-the-northwest thrust with northwest-southeast trending maximum compression during the Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic;（5） northeast-striking brittle left-lateral strike slip with nearly north-south trending maximum compression; and（6） northwest-southeast extension during the Middle-Late Cenozoic. All these deformation events belong to the intraplate deformation across the entire Central Asian region and respond to the tectonic events along the plate boundaries or deep tectonics. The structures developed in early events in the crust were the most important factors controlling the later deformation styles, and few new structures have later developed. Based on previous research and our results, the paleostress inversion in the Langshan region shows that the Mesozoic intraplate deformations in the study region mainly resulted from the tectonic events from the Paleo-Pacific region and have no or a weak relation to the Tethys region. During the Late Jurassic, the maximum compression from the Mongolia-Okhotsk region cannot be excluded. The Langshan region is the bridge between southern Mongolia and the western Ordos tectonic belt and is thus important to understand the nature and relationship between both regions.     

基于POI数据的建设用地多功能混合利用空间分异研究

建设用地多功能混合利用对提升区域用地效率、增进国土空间效能具有重要意义。论文构建基于生产—生活—生态空间(即三生空间)的建设用地多功能混合利用分析框架,以济南市为研究区,采用POI数据,利用熵模型、景观格局分析和关联规则挖掘方法,探究土地混合利用的空间分异特征。结果显示,研究区建设用地混合利用以生产空间、生产—生活空间和生活空间为主;核心城区的建设用地混合利用度较高,而生产、生活空间集中连片,生态空间嵌入不足;乡村地区景观的破碎化特征明显,以生产—生活空间引领的建设用地混合利用度较低;产业园区的生活—生态空间在网络中处于边缘位置,加强园区内部规划与周边区域形成互补的生活、生态空间,是实现园区土地可持续利用的关键。关联规则的分析结果表明,科学的生产空间规划是优化混合利用的重要抓手,而合理的生态空间布局对带动区域建设用地混合利用起着关键作用。研究基于POI数据,从行为空间互动理论视角探究建设用地多功能混合规律,丰富了现有土地混合利用理论与方法体系,也为土地利用政策制定及城市空间格局优化提供了科学依据。     

Preface

Humanity turns to a new chapter in 2022. As proud as we are of rapid developments in economics, science, and technology, we are equally concerned about such global issues as biodiversity conservation and the global pandemic of Covid-19. The unprecedented impact human activities have exerted on the global climate system is clearly underscored by the data from the World Meteorological Organization: The previous fifty years since 1970 have been the warmest of the past 2000 years.     

山地丘陵坡地逆温效应对果树避冻的影响

通过对3个县8个山坡地的考察,探索山地丘陵坡地逆温效应对果树避冻的影响。试验对三年来冬季观测到日最低温度（td）进行拟合处理,运用趋势线分析探究温差（△td）与相对坡位（G）之间的总体趋势,采用相关回归方差分析方法对△td与G进行差异显著性检验。结果表明：△td与G相关达到极其显著水平。对于高差（△H）〈50m的山坡,晴夜最低气温随高度的增加而增加,越近坡顶,最低气温越高;对于76m≤△H〈150m的山坡,在该山坡相对坡位0．63以上,晴夜最低气温常出现最高,逆温效应明显。总高差不足150m山坡最大逆温效应出现的坡位G与山坡总高差成反比,即随着△H的增加,最大逆温效应出现的坡位G值逐渐变小。利用这些结果进行果树科学合理建园,发展山区特色果业,对不耐寒果树安全避冻意义重大。     

净全辐射表两种校准方法比较

该文介绍了净全辐射表的两种校准方法。使用长短波辐射表组成的净全辐射标准器组, 在不同环境条件下对现用标准净全辐射表和6台气象台站用工作级净全辐射表的灵敏度进行了测试, 通过试验了解检定环境条件下新的标准器组与现用标准器之间的关系, 分析了通过不同标准器组得到的工作级净全辐射表的测量结果, 得到了新的标准器组使用后检定结果的随机误差。通过数据对比分析, 得出使用新的标准组检定的净全辐射表, 其不确定度白天降低9.2%, 夜间降低5.2 %。     

NCEP/NCAR逐时分析与中国实测地表温度和地面气温对比分析

美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP) 和国家大气中心(NCAR) 的全球分析资料,不仅应用于气候模拟和预测研究中而且也可作为卫星遥感云检测的初始场资料.通过对2005年NCEP逐6小时全球最终分析资料(FNL)与中国753个台站实测资料的地表温度和地面1.5m高气温进行Cressman插值, 从时次变化和空间变化等方面系统地分析和比较了这一年间NCEP分析值与中国区域内观测值之间的差异, 得到结果: NCEP分析地表温度较观测值普遍偏低, 而地面气温NCEP分析值的空间分布大致表现为在北部地区大于观测值、而南部地区小于观测值;就2005年季节变化而言,NCEP分析值在夏季比冬季符合得好,而在我国东南部比东北、西北符合得好;从时次上看,地温和气温都呈现出随着时次推进(从2时到20时),正值区(NCEP分析值-实测值＞0)减弱、负值区(NCEP分析值-实测值＜0)加强的趋势;而通过标准化均方根误差的分析,可以知道气温的NCEP分析资料在我国可行性比地温要好.     

A modified EK method with an I<Superscript>−</Superscript>/I<Subscript>2</Subscript> lixiviant assisted and approaching cathodes to remedy mercury contaminated field soils

Wanshan mercury mine is the largest cinnabar deposit in Guizhou, China. Few effective methods had been achieved to remedy Hg heavily contaminated field soils. In this paper, a modified EK method with approaching cathodes (AC-EK) and an I⁻/I₂ lixiviant was described to remedy mercury-contaminated field soils near Wanshan mercury mine. Paddy Soil I and Paddy Soil II were sampled and contained 576.73 ± 45.50 and 491.35 ± 4.73 mg/kg Hg, respectively. Although they contained 6.9 and 9.4% organic matter respectively, more than 92 and 89% Hg were removed by AC-EK within 5 days. Removal ratio increased by 0.21 and 0.68 times using EK process with ACs over that with one single cathode (SC-EK). AC-EK method saved nearly 26.4–28.1% electric power as compared to SC-EK method. As an I⁻/I₂ lixiviant solution was used to solubilize HgS(HgO) during EK process, the bonding of Hg to organic functional S groups should be less important than the binding to inner sites of organic matter in soil. The relationship between EK remediation effect and soil organic matter content was fitted to a linear model. It turned out that when soil OM increased by 1.0%, EK removal ratio (%) of Hg would decrease by 2.63%.     

草莓状黄铁矿形成机制及其研究意义

黄铁矿是沉积物中较为常见的矿物之一,而草莓状黄铁矿是由等粒度的亚微米级黄铁矿晶体或微晶体紧密堆积而成。基于已有的草莓状黄铁矿相关研究成果,本文综述了草莓状黄铁矿的形成机制,阐述了其对古环境恢复的意义。目前普遍认为草莓状黄铁矿的成因主要有两种,即有机成因和无机成因,前者认为有机质或细菌参与草莓状黄铁矿形成;而后者主要认为过饱和的黄铁矿浓度是微球粒草莓状黄铁矿形成的必备条件。草莓状黄铁矿粒径的大小是其古沉积环境的直接反映,被作为比较可靠的古氧化还原条件判别指标,已被广泛应用于古代及现代海洋沉积物的古环境恢复。目前,虽然草莓状黄铁矿粒径判别古环境的大小及分布范围还不统一,但普遍认为封闭的水体环境（硫化环境）草莓状黄铁矿粒径较小且变化不大,且随着含氧程度增加,草莓状黄铁矿的粒径大小增大且分布范围趋于加宽。