从卫星重力资料看中国及邻区地壳密度结构

本文应用小波多尺度分析等信息提取新方法,从地球重力场模型(EGM2008)经各项校正得到的中国及邻区卫星布格重力异常中提取和反演了中国及邻区上、中、下地壳的密度信息,揭示了区域地壳三维密度结构。下地壳低密度扰动主要出现在青藏高原和华南沿海到对马海峡一带,其它地区多现较高密度扰动。所有克拉通地体密度在中下地壳都是高密度的。中下地壳低密度扰动带可分成四类:(1)出现在板块边界的低密度扰动条带,(2)出现在中国西部挤压构造有关的山脉下方,(3)与拉张走滑构造有关的构造带,(4)和与大陆内部板内造山有关的构造带。上地壳结晶基底的低密度扰动可出现在显生宙造山带和未充分发育的大陆裂谷。碰撞俯冲造山带以地壳低密度大厚度为特征,但是板内造山带不同,以地壳局部高密度中厚度为特征,局部高密度反映了中基性结晶岩的存在,莫霍面上拱反映了中基性岩浆侵入。板内拉张裂谷带上地壳基底密度局部低、中地壳低速带发育反映拉张区的流体活动,而下地壳反射体发育、莫霍面变厚成层反映拉张区的玄武岩浆底侵。由于卫星重力测量资料分辨率毕竟有限,对中国东部地区还未能给出关于中地壳密度扰动的细节,还必须开展地面重力测量资料的小波多尺度分析。     

Modelling soil solute release and transport in run‐off on a loessial slope with and without surface stones

Stone covers on loessial slopes can increase the time of infiltration by slowing the velocity of the overland flow, which reduces the transport of solutes, but few mechanistic models have been tested under water‐scouring conditions. We carried out field experiments to test a previously proposed, physically based model of water and solute transport. The area of soil infiltration was calculated from the uncovered surface area, and Richards' equation and the kinematic wave equation were used to describe water infiltration and flow along slopes with stone covers. The transport of chemicals into the run‐off from the surface soil, presumably by diffusion, and their movement in the soil profile could be described by the convection–diffusion equations of the model. The simulated and measured data correlated well. The stones on the soil surface reduced the area available for infiltration but increased the Manning coefficient, eventually leading to increased water infiltration and decreased solute loss with run‐off. Our results indicated that the traditional model of water movement and solute migration could be used to simulate water transport and solute migration for stone‐covered soil on loessial slopes.     

Using hydrochemical,stable isotope,and river water recharge data to identify groundwater flow paths in a deeply buried karst system

The deeply buried river‐connected Xishan karst aquifer (XKA) in western Beijing, China, has been suffering from diminishing recharge for several decades, which in turn leads to the disappearing of spring water outflows and continuously lowering of groundwater level in the area. Thus, it is important to correctly recognize the groundwater recharge and flow paths for the sustainable development of the XKA. To investigate these issues, the hydrochemical and isotopic compositions are analysed for both surface water and groundwater samples collected over an area of about 280 km². Results show that (a) the river water is characterized by high Na contents; (b) the δ²H and δ¹⁸O values in the river water are distinctively higher than those of groundwater samples, after experiencing the long‐time evaporative enrichment in the upstream reservoir; (c) the Sr concentrations and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of groundwater clearly indicated the interaction between water and carbonate minerals but excluded the water–silicate interaction; and (d) the groundwater samples in the direct recharge area of the XKA have the lowest Na concentrations and the δ²H and δ¹⁸O values. Based on the large differences in the Na contents and ¹⁸O values of groundwater and surface water, a simple two‐component mixing model is developed for the study area and the fractions of the river water are estimated for groundwater samples. We find that the distribution pattern of the river water fractions in the XKA clearly shows a change of directions in the preferential flow path of the groundwater from its source zone to the discharge area. Overall, our results suggest that the recharged surface water can be a useful evidence for delineating the groundwater flow path in river‐connected karst aquifer. This study improves our understanding of the heterogeneity in karst groundwater systems.     

华北东部上地幔破裂带

利用天然地震的走时和S波震相的层析成像方法可以提供上地幔S波速度扰动精细图像。我们对华北东部(32°～44°N,114°～126°E)进行了高分辨率S波地震层析成像研究,揭示了苏鲁及环渤海地区上地幔速度结构的差异,为研究该区域深部构造演化提供新的地球物理证据和制约。本次成像取得的最醒目的成果是揭示了由波速剧烈变化指示的两条上地幔破碎带,它们分别出现在渤海湾裂谷区与苏鲁超高压变质带下方。苏鲁超高压变质带下方上地幔破碎带包含多个有序排列的高速团块,推测与扬子走滑并向前俯冲、以及前锋超高压变质块体拆沉及折返作用有关。地幔地震S波速的成像结果支持华北东部渤海湾地区发育地幔热羽柱体系的观点,并对地幔热羽柱的鉴识提供了新的标识。     

清肺利咽合剂治疗肺燥阴伤型新型冠状病毒感染后急性咳嗽43 例

目的：观察清肺利咽合剂治疗肺燥阴伤型新型冠状病毒感染（简称“新冠病毒感染”）后急性咳嗽的临床疗效。方法：将86 例新冠病毒感染后急性咳嗽患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各43 例。对照组口服复方福尔可定溶液,治疗组口服清肺利咽合剂,2组均连续治疗1周。比较2组临床疗效、简易咳嗽程度评分表（CET）积分及不良反应发生率。结果：总有效率治疗组为93.02%（40/43）,对照组为74.42%（32/43）,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05);治疗后2组CET积分均低于治疗前,且治疗组低于对照组（P＜0.05);不良反应发生率治疗组为2.33%（1/43）,低于对照组的16.28%（7/43）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05)。结论：清肺利咽合剂治疗肺燥阴伤型新冠病毒感染后急性咳嗽的疗效优于西药治疗,且不良反应较少,安全性高。     

Wind-induced hydrodynamic changes impact on sediment resuspension for large,shallow Lake Taihu,China

The internal sediment release is a key factor controlling eutrophication processes in large,shallow lakes.Sediment resuspension is associated with the wave and current induced shear stress in large,shallow lakes.The current study investigated the wind field impacts on sediment resuspension from the bottom at Meiliang Bay of large,shallow Lake Taihu.The impacts of the wind field on the wave,current,and wave-current combined shear stresses were calculated.The critical wind speed range was 4–6 m/s after which wave and current shear stress started to increase abruptly,and onshore wind directions were found to be mainly responsible for greater shear stress at the bottom of Lake Taihu.A second order polynomial fitting correlation was found between wave(R^2 0.4756)and current(R^2 0.4466)shear stresses with wind speed.Wave shear stress accounted for 92.5% of the total shear stress at Meiliang Bay.The critical wave shear stress and critical total shear stress were 0.13 N/m^2 for sediment resuspension whereas the current shear stress was 0.019 N/m^2 after which suspended sediment concentrations(SSC)increased abruptly.A second order polynomial fitting correlation was found between wave(R^2 0.739),current(R^2 0.6264),and total shear stress(R^2 0.7394)with SSC concentrations at Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu.The sediment resuspension rate was 120 to 738 g/m^2/d during 4–6 m/s onshore winds while offshore winds contributed ≥ 200 g/m^2/d.The study results reveal the driving mechanism for understanding the role of the wind field in sediment resuspension while considering wind speed and direction as control parameters to define wave and current shear stresses.     

三维成像揭示的青藏高原地壳流体层分布

应用三维地球物理成像技术可以揭示陆域地壳的流体分布。在青藏高原,高分辨率的地震波速度三维图像是揭示了高原地壳流体层分布的主要方法。从取得的三维波速、密度和电阻率图象可见,低波速、低密度和低电阻率异常指示了地壳流体层的位置和范围。同时,高波速高密度异常也揭示上方发育的屏蔽盖层。据此,划分出高原地壳的多个流体发育层的分布范围。根据地壳高分辨率地震层析成像的结果还发现,青藏高原地壳流体发育层分布,与其下面的软流圈上涌有密切关联。     

塔里木地体大地电磁调查和岩石圈三维结构

经过在塔里木盆地内701个大地电磁测站的数据采集、资料处理和三维反演,取得测点分布比较均匀的岩石圈三维电阻率模型,从电性结构角度刻划了塔里木地体三维岩石圈构造。反演取得的电阻率模型表明电性岩石圈厚度为138km,沉积盆地内部的电阻率大都反映为低阻,电阻率小于10Ωm。上地壳结晶基底为高阻,深度12~24km;中下地壳为中低阻层,深度约24~47km。岩石圈地幔上层为低阻,深度约47~88km,电阻率为10Ωm。岩石圈地幔下层高阻,深度约88~138km。软流圈极低阻,电阻率仅为4Ωm。塔里木地体中上地壳高导层不发育(满加尔除外),地壳平均电阻率值偏高,电性莫霍面不清晰,下方有一个厚的高电阻率"根",说明塔里木盆地具有克拉通盆地的属性。同时塔里木地体的四周为高角度岩石圈断裂包围,四缘有高电阻率区存在,深度从15km到90km基本不变,这又说明塔里木盆地为处于造山带之间的大型断陷盆地。塔里木地体为早古生代古特提斯洋中漂移的大陆克拉通地体,以后由于大陆碰撞挤压发生地壳断陷成盆;因此,把它称为断陷型克拉通盆地更为准确。盆地内满加尔和罗布泊低阻区深度从上地壳15km到约90km地幔一直存在,到下地壳之后在北缘打开缺口冲过南天山。推测这一低阻带形成于晚古生代古亚洲洋封闭阶段,是塔里木和哈萨克斯坦地体、西伯利亚克拉通发生碰撞的产物。满加尔坳陷、塔西南的和田坳陷、叶城-莎车坳陷和于田-民丰坳陷、以及唐古孜巴斯坳陷地壳呈现低电阻率,说明这里流体活跃,有利于大型特大型油气成藏。     

太行山构造带及其以东地区上地幔地震层析成像

基于首都圈地区及河北邯郸台网共115个台站记录的地方震、近震和远震P波和S波走时,利用地震层析成像技术得到了太行山构造带及其以东地区下方300km深度范围内的P、S波速度结构。结果发现沿太行山构造带速度结构在上地幔中存在明显的横向不均匀性,其南、中、北段显示了各自不同的构造特征。太行山以东盆地区岩石圈厚度较薄,在约80km深度进入地幔软流层,但在160km深度下,P波和S波速度结构呈现较大差异,其中P波在华北东部地区逐渐以高速为主,而S波速度剖面上虽然低速体被切割,但仍然保持了大部分地区的相对低速。深部结构揭示,太行山中段受华北地区岩石圈减薄过程作用最为强烈,其速度结构与盆地区更为相似。而南段构造作用与浅部断裂关系明显,深部可能更多地保留了构造造山带岩石圈厚度大,高速介质多的特征。太行山北段处于多构造交界地区,速度结构比较复杂,部分S波低速区可能与深部地幔物质上涌作用有关。     

江苏东海县幔源橄榄岩包体及其深部构造意义

东海县境内仅有两个碱性玄武岩火山口(平明山和安峰山)形成于晚新生代，K-Ar同位素年龄测定，平明山为4．02～6．38Ma，安峰山为7．3～12．3Ma。岩石学和地球化学特征揭示包体寄主岩为碧玄岩，岩浆没有经历明显分异和同化混杂作用。平明山碧玄岩含有丰富幔源包体，包括尖晶石二辉橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩和二辉岩。采用：Bertrand等(1985)和Kohler等(1990)的温度-压力计估算了包体平衡温度和压力分别为830～900℃和1．5～1．7GPa。根据温压资料构建的古地温曲线，对应于大陆热流值75mW／m^2和岩石圈厚度55km。氧化缀饰法揭示本区橄榄岩包体经历了高温低应变速率塑性流动变形，形成各种类型的位错构造。高温高压实验测定，二辉橄榄岩Vp速度为8．0～8．2km／s，Vs速度为4．50～4．77km／s。中国大陆科学钻(CCSD)附近幔源橄榄岩包体的发现对东海地区岩石圈厚度、物质组成、热结构和底侵作用动力过程提供了重要约束。