九孔鲍室内流水养殖

设计了陆上室内流水养成池和育苗池进行集约化养鲍。每个养成池70m×5．0m×1.8m，放鲍笼1254个，每笼放养壳长2cm的九孔鲍40～45只，投喂新鲜江湾。经8～10个月的饲养，鲍壳长可达6cm，成活率达70％～85％。     

具有先验信息的地面三维激光扫描地形测量数据去噪算法

为防止三维激光扫描数据中的噪声对实景重构造成扭曲,基于消噪的相关理论,提出了3种具有先验信息的去噪算法,利用高程注记点所提供的先验信息作为去噪依据,分别对比高程插值、最小二乘拟合平面及趋势面,选取适当阈值消去噪声。利用Timble GX200地面三维激光扫描系统获取的地形测量数据进行实验分析,结果表明:高程注记点可以作为先验信息为点云去噪提供依据,并确保去噪后基本符合实体特征。     

柴达木盆地西部典型油田原油地球化学特征对比

利用色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析技术,系统剖析了柴达木盆地西部南区尕斯库勒、油砂山油田(A区)与北区南翼山、油泉子油田(B区)原油的生物标志化合物组成和分布特征,探讨了A区和B区原油的成因差异及其地质影响因素.结果表明:A区部分浅层原油正构烷烃碳数分布不完整,具有异常高的姥鲛烷(Pr)与n-C17峰面积比值和植烷(Ph)与n-C18峰面积比值,说明A区浅层油藏保存条件较差,部分原油遭受了轻微生物降解;A区和B区原油中甾藿比均大于2.4,且甾烷C27R与甾烷C29R峰面积比值多大于1,指示这2个区域原油母质来源都以浮游藻类为主,但B区原油中甾烷C27R与甾烷C29R峰面积比值和补身烷系列相对含量普遍高于A区,表明B区原油浮游藻类和细菌生源贡献可能相对较高;所有原油都具有低姥植比、高伽马蜡烷含量的特点,且都检测出一定丰度的β-胡萝卜烷,说明生成原油的烃源岩形成于强还原咸水沉积环境,但A区原油中姥植比、伽马蜡烷指数以及 β-胡萝卜烷与C30藿烷峰面积比值明显高于B区,且升藿烷系列呈“翘尾巴”分布模式,而B区原油则没有这种现象,揭示生成A区原油的烃源岩沉积水体盐度更高、还原性更强;甾烷异构体比值(C2920S/(20S+ 20R)值和C29ββ/(ββ+αα)值)表明A区均为低熟原油,而B区多为成熟原油.结合柴达木盆地西部第三纪湖盆沉积和构造演化史,认为南区与北区烃源岩沉积相带的不同空间展布情况是造成A区与B区原油地球化学特征差异的根本原因.     

Hydroacoustic estimates of fish biomass and spatial distributions in shallow lakes

We conducted acoustical surveys with a horizontal beam transducer to detect fish and with a vertical beam transducer to detect depth and macrophytes in two typical shallow lakes along the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River in November 2013. Both lakes are subject to active fish management with annual stocking and removal of large fish. The purpose of the study was to compare hydroacoustic horizontal beam estimates with fish landings. The preliminary results show that the fish distribution patterns dif fered in the two lakes and were af fected by water depth and macrophyte coverage. The hydroacoustically estimated fish biomass matched the commercial catch very well in Niushan Lake, but it was two times higher in Kuilei Lake. However, acoustic estimates included all fish, whereas the catch included only fish 45 cm(smaller ones were released). We were unable to determine the proper regression between acoustic target strength and fish length for the dominant fish species in the two lakes.     

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Discharge‐sediment processes of the Zhadang glacier on the Tibetan Plateau measured with a high frequency data acquisition system

In high elevation cold regions of the Tibetan Plateau, suspended sediment transfer from glacier meltwater erosion is one of the important hydrological components. The Zhadang glacier is a typical valley‐type glacier in the Nyainqentanglha Mountains on the Tibetan Plateau. To make frequent and long period records of meltwater runoff and sediment processes in the very high elevation and isolated regions, an automatic system was installed near the glacier snout (5400 m a.s.l) in August 2013, to measure the transient discharge and sediment processes at 5‐min interval, which is shorter than the time span for the water flow to traverse the catchment from the farthest end to the watershed outlet. Diurnal variations of discharge, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were recorded at high frequency for the Zhadang glacier, before suspended sediment load (SSL) was computed. Hourly SSC varied from the range of 0.2 kg/m³ to 0.5 kg/m³ (at 8:00–9:00) to the range of 2.0 kg/m³ to 4.0 kg/m³ (at 17:00–18:00). The daily SSL was 32.24 t during the intense ablation period. Hourly SSC was linearly correlated with discharge (r = 0.885**, n = 18, p < 0.01). A digit‐eight hysteresis loop was observed for the sediment transport in the glacier area. Air temperature fluctuations influence discharge, and then result in the sediment variations. The results of this study provide insight into the responses of suspended sediment delivery processes with a high frequency data in the high elevation cold regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Advances in the Study of Geochemistry and Paleo-oceanography of the Co-rich Crust

The current advances in the study of geochemistry and paleo-oceanography of the Co-rich crust are reviewed in this paper. We summarize the study of geochemistry of the Co-rich crust, discuss the diffusion of elements in the Co-rich crust and the exchange with ambient seawater. Besides, we discuss the effect of phosphatization and substrate rocks on the composition of the Co-rich crust. We also introduce the application of stable isotopes (including the stable isotopes of Pb, Nd, and Hf), radioactive isotopes (including the radioactive isotopes of Be, U and Th), and elements (including the major elements, minor elements and rare earth elements) to the study of paleo-oceanography of the Co-rich crust.     

BACKGROUND STUDY ON NON-RESIDUAL PHASE OF ELEMENTS IN CHANGJIANG AND HUANGHE ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS

Analysis of Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, Cr, Li, Ni, K, Al, Fe extracted by 1 mol/L HCl or 0.5 mol/LHCl/H_2O_2, showed concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni were significantly correlated with Li, Al,K, and clay. Two methods are used to indicate the background value of the non-residual phase of elementsin sediments, and are the same as the methods used to indicate the background value of totalconcentrations in sediments. The first method uses correlograms and regression equations,the second usesthe mean element concentrations normalized with grain size. Li, Al, K can be used as reference elements to determine the background value of Zn, Cu, Pb, Co,Cr, Ni, Fe, while the clay concentration's correlation with some extractable concentrations can be used tocalculate the background value of the non-residual phase of elements as a percentage of clay concentrationin the sediments. Based on this study, the concept of using the background value of the non-residualphase of elements to compare the pollution level in differ     

兰州第四纪黄土/古土壤序列物源演变: 来自于碳酸盐矿物的证据*

黄土/古土壤的物源研究对于揭示第四纪气候变化和青藏高原隆升历史具有重要意义。本研究以位于黄土高原西部1.4 Ma以来的兰州黄土/古土壤沉积序列为研究对象,基于X射线衍射技术分析了黄土/古土壤中的主要矿物组成,侧重于碳酸盐矿物含量,追溯了兰州黄土/古土壤的直接物源。结果显示: (1)1.4 Ma以来兰州地区黄土/古土壤沉积物的主要直接源区为柴达木盆地沙漠区和阿拉善干旱区。(2)基于二元混合模型计算的潜在原始源区对兰州黄土白云石和总碳酸盐矿物的相对贡献率以及长石与石英比值结果一致支持1.4 Ma以来兰州黄土原始物源发生了多次变化。1.4~1.1 Ma和0.9~0.3 Ma青藏高原东北缘造山带(昆仑山、祁连山)和中亚造山带对兰州黄土的贡献相当,而1.1~0.9 Ma和0.3 Ma以来,中亚造山带对兰州黄土的物源贡献增加,这可能分别是对中更新世气候转型和0.3 Ma以来青藏高原及邻近地区干冷气候增强的响应。1.15 Ma和0.8 Ma兰州黄土/古土壤中高的白云石含量、碳酸盐矿物总含量以及0.8 Ma长石与石英比值的快速升高可能是对“昆黄运动”的响应,进而造成了昆仑山、祁连山对黄土高原物源贡献的增加。     

Effects of convection instability due to incompatibility between ocean dynamics and surface forcings

The study demonstrates that an incompatibility between a surface temperature climatology and a given ocean model, into which the climatology is assimilated via Haney restoration, can cause model ocean climate drift and interdecadal oscillations when the ocean is switched to a weaker restoration. This is made using an idealized Atlantic Ocean model driven by thermal and wind forcing only. Initially, the temperature climatology is forcefully assimilated into the model, and an implied heat flux field is diagnosed. During this stage any incompatibility is suppressed. The restoring boundary condition is then switched to a new forcing consisting of a part of the diagnosed flux and a part of the restoring forcing in such a way that at the moment of the switching the heat flux is identical to that prior to the switching. Under this new forcing condition, the incompatibility becomes manifest, causing changes in convection patterns, and producing drift and interdecadal oscillations. The mechanisms are described.