新疆东昆仑-阿尔金地区航磁反映的断裂构造特征

本文根据最新的航磁资料,将东昆仑-阿尔金山地区按照不同的磁异常面貌特征进行了分区描述,其总体展布以北东和近东西向为主,磁异常具有明显的分区、分带性。同时辅以卫星重力资料,通过解析延拓、任意水平方向导数计算等处理,得到大量与断裂相关的地球物理场信息,并结合地质资料综合分析,揭示了研究区内断裂构造尤其是深大断裂在磁场上的特征。这些特征主要以不同磁场分界线、磁异常梯度带和串珠状异常等形式呈现,明显的表现为磁场分区、分带的界线。在此基础上,根据航磁资料解释和实际应用结果对深大断裂与成矿的关系进行了探讨。本文实例揭示已知的中小型矿床多位于深大断裂附近。     

渤海莱州湾凹陷南部古近系混合沉积特征及发育模式*

渤海莱州湾凹陷南部古近系沙三下亚段广泛发育陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积。通过对井壁取心、测井及综合化验资料的分析,对研究区混合沉积特征、发育模式及控制因素进行分析。结果表明: 研究区既发育同一岩层内的混合沉积,又发育碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑的互层混合沉积。混合沉积形成于两大物源注入背景下的湖泊滨岸环境,可进一步分为泥坪、砂质滩坝、浅滩和半深湖等混合沉积亚相,主要体现为波浪和湖流作用的双重影响。沙三下亚段整体呈现出水退式发育的特点,主要发育湖侵域和高位域,湖侵域主要发育半深湖混合沉积和浅滩混合沉积,高位域主要发育砂质滩坝混合沉积。混合沉积物受古地貌、古气候、古物源和湖平面变化的控制,优势储集亚相为砂质滩坝混合沉积亚相和浅滩混合沉积亚相。该研究成果不仅为莱州湾凹陷南部古近系优质动用储量研究提供了指导,而且为下一步勘探指明了方向。     

饱和度-压力曲线法预测柴油在毛细带中形成的透镜体厚度

轻非水相液体（LNAPL）进入到地下环境中,首先在非饱和带进行垂向迁移,到达毛细带后在地下水面以上形成饱和透镜体。准确预测LNAPL渗漏在毛细带形成的透镜体厚度,对于LNAPL的去除及污染含水层的修复具有重要的指导意义。通过模拟实验测定了水-油两相吸湿及脱湿曲线,采用水-油饱和度-压力曲线拟合出了吸湿及脱湿进入压力。根据透镜体达到稳定状态时脱湿、吸湿压力水头之间的关系,建立了透镜体厚度的预测计算方法,并以中砂和粗砂为例,预测出实验条件下柴油在毛细带形成透镜体稳定时的厚度分别为4.61 cm和1.29 cm。通过室内模拟槽实验,测得柴油在中砂和粗砂中迁移时形成的透镜体厚度分别为5.30 cm和1.50 cm。预测与实验结果的相对误差分别为13.0%和14.0%。误差产生的主要原因为脱湿与吸湿曲线是在非干燥情况下测得,从而导致预测的透镜体厚度偏小。     

南黄海沉积物中活性铁氧化物对有机碳的保存作用

土壤和沉积物中活性铁对有机质的吸附对有机质具有长期稳定和保存作用,从而在地质时间尺度上缓冲大气CO₂浓度。本文利用连二亚硫酸钠还原性溶解提取活性铁氧化物（FeR）及与之结合的有机碳（Fe-OC）,定量研究了南黄海沉积物中FeR与OC之间的结合方式以及FeR对OC的保存作用,讨论了深度增加对二者相互作用的影响。结果表明,南黄海沉积物中Fe-OC占沉积物总有机碳的份数（f_Fe-OC）为（13.2±7.47）%,即活性铁对OC的年吸附量为0.72 Mt,占全球边缘海沉积物TOC年埋藏通量的0.44%。Fe-OC的平均OC:Fe为4.50±2.61,表明共沉淀作用对有机质的保存起重要作用,且其比值随海源有机质含量增加而增加。Fe-OC稳定碳同位素（δ13C_Fe-OC）结果表明,FeR优先保存活性有机质,但这种选择性随OC:Fe增大而减弱。随深度增加,f_Fe-OC和δ13C_Fe-OC均未表现出显著变化,这与该海域沉积物中有机质活性较低、铁还原作用较弱有关。     

山东半岛近岸海域蟹类群落结构特征的研究

根据2014年8月和10月、2015年2月和5月使用单船底拖网进行的4个航次调查数据,对山东半岛近岸海区的莱州湾及渤海南部、山东半岛北部和山东半岛南部等3个海域蟹类种类组成、时空分布、优势种、群落结构稳定性等群落结构特征进行了研究。结果显示,4次调查共捕获蟹类20种,隶属于10科17属,其中日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）是主要经济种类,其余均为小型饵料型蟹类;海区内主要的优势种为双斑蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）、日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）,3个海域优势种季节更替均十分明显;莱州湾及渤海南部和山东半岛南部2个海域生物量季节变化明显,春季较低,在夏季达到峰值,夏季到冬季呈降低趋势,山东半岛北部海域生物量季节变化不明显。3个海域蟹类群落物种多样性指数（H'）、丰富度指数（D）及均匀度指数（J'）均处于较低水平,并有一定的季节变化;水深、水温和盐度是影响蟹类群落结构的重要因子,渤莱沿岸流、黄海暖流和黄海冷水团通过影响海域内水温与盐度影响蟹类群落结构。研究表明山东半岛近岸海区蟹类以小型饵料型蟹类为主,蟹类多样性水平较低,优势种更替明显,群落季节更替指数较高,季节间迁移频繁,蟹类群落不稳定。     

威海近岸人工鱼礁布设对生物资源恢复效果

为了解人工鱼礁投放对区域内海洋生物资源恢复效果,于2013年3月至2014年1月在北黄海近岸人工鱼礁投放区进行调查。结果显示,该海区发现浮游动物53种,其中优势种为浮游桡足类。夏秋季底栖生物幼体成为季节性优势种。游泳动物共发现14种,主要为常见的礁区鱼类。底栖动物共12种,其中棘皮动物海燕为绝对优势种,为近岸养殖生物的主要敌害生物,主要的底栖资源优势种为虾蟹类与软体动物。投礁区的浮游动物与游泳动物物种数明显多于未投礁区,表明人工投礁有助于生物群落的恢复,提高生物多样性,改善区域生态系统。但该海域大型底栖藻类较少,还应进一步对大型底栖藻类增殖以提高海域初级生产。     

Characteristics and cause analysis of heavy haze in Changchun City in Northeast China

Northeast China has been reported as having serious air pollution in China with increasing occurrences of severe haze episodes. Changchun City, as the center of Northeast China, has longstanding industry and is an important agricultural base. Additionally, Changchun City has a long winter requiring heating of buildings emitting pollution into the air. These factors contribute to the complexity of haze pollution in this area. In order to analyze the causes of heavy haze, surface air quality has been monitored from 2013 to 2015. By using satellite and meteorological data, atmospheric pollution status, spatio-temporal variations and formation have been analyzed. Results indicated that the air quality in 88.9% of days exceeding air quality index(AQI) level-1 standard(AQI 50) according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS) of China. Conversely, 33.7% of the days showed a higher level with AQI 100. Extreme haze events(AQI 300) occurred frequently during agricultural harvesting period(from October 10 to November 10), intensive winter heating period(from Late-December to February) and period of spring windblown dust(April and May). Most daily concentrations of gaseous pollutants, i.e., NO_2(43.8 μg/m~3), CO(0.9 mg/m~3), SO_2(37.9 μg/m~3), and O_3(74.9 μg/m~3) were evaluated within level-1 concentration limits of NAAQS standards. However, particulate matter(PM_(2.5) and PM10) concentrations(67.3 μg/m~3 and 115.2 μg/m~3, respectively) were significantly higher than their level-1 limits. Severe haze in spring was caused by offsite transported dust and windblown surface soil. Heavy haze periods during fall and winter were mainly formed by intensive emissions of atmospheric pollutants and steady weather conditions(i.e., low wind speed and inversion layer). The overlay emissions of widespread straw burning and coal combustion for heating were the dominant factors contributing to haze in autumn, while intensive coal burning during the coldest time was the primary component of total emissions. In addition, general emissions including automobile exhaust, road and construction dust, residential and industrial activities, have significantly increased in recent years, making heavy haze a more frequent occurrence. Therefore, both improved technological strategies and optimized pollution management on a regional scale are necessary to minimize emissions in specified seasons in Changchun City, as well as comprehensive control measures in Northeast China.     

生物型凹凸棒基高分子固沙材料的复配效果

由于具有提高沙土的稳定性和保水性等特征,复合高吸水性固沙材料在荒漠化土地治理方面具有一定的潜力和应用前景。研究了蓝藻结皮在不同比例凹凸棒基高分子固沙材料中的生长状态和生理特性。结果表明:蓝藻结皮与经4 mol·L^-1硫酸改性后的凹凸棒基高分子固沙材料以1∶3质量比配比生长情况最佳;比较了复配材料喷洒量为400、500g·m^-2处理下蓝藻叶绿素a、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量等生理指标,喷洒量为500 g·5m^-2的蓝藻结皮与经4 mol·L^-1硫酸改性后的凹凸棒基高分子固沙材料生理特性较好。     

沙漠下垫面地面温度及能量收支的BATS模式参数化改进

利用陆面过程模式BATS,引入地表发射率及两种大气发射率参数化方案,同时引入不同的地表粗糙度参数化方案,对比各种参数化方案对沙漠下垫面地面温度及能量收支的模拟状况。结果表明：采用Van Bavel等发展的地表发射率及Chung等发展的大气发射率方案可以明显改进地面温度及向上长波辐射的模拟,Chung等方案在夜间与正午的模拟效果更好,减小了1 ℃左右的地面温度模拟偏差,减小了10 W·m^-2左右的向上长波辐射模拟偏差。晴天地面温度及向上长波辐射的模拟结果优于阴天。利用Zhang等发展的裸土粗糙度参数化方案也会提高模式对地表感热通量模拟的准确性。     

A modified normalized model for predicting effective soil thermal conductivity

Effective soil thermal conductivity (λ _eff) describes the ability of a multiphase soil to transmit heat by conduction under unit temperature gradient. It is a critical parameter for environmental science, earth and planetary science, and engineering applications. Numerous models are available in the literature, but their applicability is generally restricted to certain soil types or water contents (θ). The objective of this study was to develop a new model in the similar form of the Johansen 1975 model to simulate the λ _eff(θ) relationship of soils of various soil textures and water contents. An exponential type model with two parameters is developed and a new function for calculating dry soil thermal conductivity is presented. Performance of the new model and six other normalized models were evaluated with published datasets. The results show that the new model is able to well mimic λ _eff(θ) relationship of soils from sand to silt loam and from oven dry to full saturation. In addition, it has the best performance among the seven models under test (with root-mean-square error of 0.059 W m^?1 °C^?1, average deviations of 0.0009 W m^?1 °C^?1, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.994). The new model has potential to improve the reliability of soil thermal conductivity estimation and be incorporated into numerical modeling for environmental, earth and engineering studies.