SOME RESULTS OF APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICAL METHOD TO CLIMATE CHANGES AND SHORT-TERM CLIMATE PREDICTION IN CHINA

In recent years, much attention has been paid to climate changes and short-term climate prediction, because the large area climate anomaly has, constantly occurred in many areas of China and of other places in the world since the 1960's. From 1974 to 1981, ten national meetings on climatology in China were held. More than 100 papers were presented at each of these meetings. Two collections of papers presented at these meetings have been printed. At present, in addition to research at meteorological institutes and universities, the research of climate changes and short-term climate prediction is also being carried out in the weather bureaus of the 30 provinces and autonomous regions (including Taiwan). The gaps in the research in this field in China have been filled.     

经纬向热源（汇）异常对环流影响的数值试验

利用１９８３￣１９８８／１９８９年６年季平均全球加热场资料，分析了各年相对于６年平均的距平沿经、纬向非均匀分布的特征。并且，基于加热异常沿经向表现为正负相间分布和沿纬向有几个加热异常中心的特征，利用定常态初始方程三维谐模式进行了加热异常沿经、纬向非均匀分布对环流影响的数值试验。结果表明，加热异常的经向非均匀分布显著增强了经向环流的异常，所引起的环流异常与几个孤立热源（汇）作用的结果的线性叠加有较大     

华北和印度夏季风降水变化的对比分析

 利用华北和印度夏季降水资料,采用趋势分析、小波变换等方法,对两地区夏季风降水进行了对比分析。结果表明：1) 华北和印度夏季风降水量都存在线性减少倾向,但华北更为显著,减少达16 mm/10 a;2) 华北和印度夏季风降水变化都以18 a周期为主,近年都有逐渐缩短的趋势,而印度的这种周期缩短得比华北更快,近年降水变化周期接近15 a;3) 华北和印度夏季风降水变化在1956、1976、1992/1993年发生了趋势转折;4) 华北和印度降水量主要集中在6-9月,夏季风降水特征非常明显,但两地变化特征表现不尽相同。     

湖南两次流域性致洪暴雨异同点分析

利用常规气象资料、水情资料及灾情资料,对发生地点、季节及影响系统相似的2010年7月8-14日和2012年7月11-19日两次湖南省持续性大范围暴雨天气过程进行对比分析,结果表明：（1）两次暴雨过程均具有持续时间长、暴雨频繁且集中、累计雨量大、洪涝严重等特点;（2）东北冷涡加强、副高东退南落,冷、暖空气在湖南交汇,导致连续性暴雨发生;（3）“10.7”暴雨过程冷、暖气流势力相当,雨带呈东西向,稳定少动,致灾性强.而“12.7”暴雨过程冷空气势力较强,雨带呈移动性,虽然致灾范围广,但灾情较前者轻.     

Carbonyl Sulphide (OCS) Variability with Latitude in the Atmosphere

Abstract

Carbonyl sulphide (OCS) is an important precursor of sulphate aerosols and consequently a key species in stratospheric ozone depletion. The SPectromètre InfraRouge d'Absorption à Lasers Embarqués (SPIRALE) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) balloon-borne instruments have flown in the tropics and in the polar Arctic, and ground-based measurements have been performed by the Qualité de l'Air (QualAir) Fourier Transform Spectrometer in Paris. Partial and total columns and vertical profiles have been obtained to study OCS variability with altitude, latitude, and season. The annual total column variation in Paris reveals a seasonal variation with a maximum in April–June and a minimum in November–January. Total column measurements above Paris and from SWIR balloon-borne instrument are compared with several MkIV measurements, several Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) stations, aircraft, ship, and balloon measurements to highlight the OCS total column decrease from tropical to polar latitudes. OCS high-resolution in situ vertical profiles have been measured for the first time in the altitude range between 14 and 30?km at tropical and polar latitudes. OCS profiles are compared with Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite measurements and show good agreement. Using the correlation between OCS and N₂O from SPIRALE, the OCS stratospheric lifetime has been accurately determined. We find a stratospheric lifetime of 68?±?20 years at polar latitudes and 58?±?14 years at tropical latitudes leading to a global stratospheric sink of 49?±?14?Gg?S?y^?1.     

中国南京与美国德克萨斯稻田甲烷排放的比较

Field measurements of methane emission from rice paddies were made in Nanjing, China and in Texas, USA, respectively. Soil temperature at approximately 10 cm depth of the flooded soils was automatically recorded. Aboveground biomass of rice crop was measured approximately every 10 days in Nanjing and every other week in Texas. Seasonal variation of soil temperature in Nanjing was quite wide with a magnitude of 15.3℃ and that in Texas was narrow with a magnitude of 2.9℃. Analysis of methane emission fluxes against soil temperature and rice biomass production demonstrated that the seasonal course of methane emission in Nanjing was mostly attributed to soil temperature changes, while that in Texas was mainly related to rice biomass production. We concluded that under the permanent flooding condition, the seasonal trend of methane emission would be determined by the soil temperature where there was a wide variation of soil temperature, and the seasonal trend would be mainly determined by rice biomass production if there are no additional organic matter inputs and the variation of soil temperature over the rice growing season is small.     

中国地区集合预报产品自适应递减平均偏差订正法的改进研究

基于中国地区T213集合预报产品2 m温度预报数据,采用卡尔曼滤波类型的自适应递减平均法进行偏差订正处理,原方案在剧烈降温天气订正效果表现不理想。通过对递减平均参数w的重新构建得到改进的订正方案w(i,p)(i为站点信息,p为天气过程信息),在此基础上进一步优化对历史信息的有效提取,得到改进的方案w(i,p)相似法和w(i,p)统计法,并进行效果检验。结果表明:改进为包含空间和天气过程信息的函数w(i,p)后方案的订正效果得到不同程度的提高,其中24 h剧烈降温预报各成员预报均方根误差平均减小了0. 15℃;而进一步改进的w(i,p)统计法在当前几种剧烈降温预报中订正效果最优,其集合平均偏差与w(i,p)方案相比减小2. 54℃。     

不同闪电跃增算法在北京地区应用效果对比

基于S波段多普勒天气雷达基数据、北京闪电定位网全闪定位数据和北京地区降雹的人工观测结果,对比分析Gatlin和σ两种闪电跃增算法在不同配置下对北京地区2015—2018年共177次冰雹天气过程的预警效果。结果表明：不同倍数的σ算法预警结果差别很大,2σ（要求当前闪电频数变化率超过之前平均闪电频数变化率两倍标准差）在σ算法中的预警效果最佳;不同N（总闪频数变化率的数量）配置下的Gatlin算法的预警结果差别不大,其中当N=6时的预警效果最佳。2σ算法的命中率、虚警率和临界成功指数分别为80.2%,41.6%和51.1%,N=6的Gatlin算法的相应结果分别为82.5%,62.0%和35.2%。另外,详细分析了一次多单体雷暴过程和一次飑线过程中两种算法的应用情况,结果也表明Gatlin算法比2σ算法的命中率略高,但虚警率偏高很多,临界成功指数偏低。综合Gatlin算法和σ算法对冰雹预报结果评估情况,发现2σ闪电跃增算法更适于对北京冰雹天气的预警,对提升闪电数据在北京地区冰雹预报业务的可用度有一定参考价值。     

北印度洋-南海季风区热带海洋极端波候变化特征

利用1979—2016年ERA-Interim有效波高（SWH）和海表风场数据,分析了南海-北印度洋极端海浪场分布和变化.结果表明：南海-北印度洋极端SWH分布和极端风速分布形态以及年际变化趋势高度一致,说明了涌浪为主的北印度洋和风浪为主的南海一样,极端SWH都由局地的极端风速控制;强极端SWH主要分布在阿拉伯海以及南海北部,阿拉伯海北部增长与该区域气旋强度增强有着密切关系,而南海的极端SWH主要受东北季风控制;东非沿岸极端SWH线性增长趋势则与索马里急流的年代际尺度上有逐渐增强的线性趋势有关.北印度洋及南海海域极端SWH距平场的EOF分析结果表明,南海极端SWH与北印度洋表现出反相变化的特征.北印度洋（南海海域）极端SWH多出现在西南季风（东北季风）期间,因为在西南季风（东北季风）期间,极端风速也相对增强.     

应用BIOME-BGC模型研究典型生态系统的潜热通量——半干旱地区吉林通榆的模拟

年降雨量和年蒸发量在某种程度上反映了区域内水资源的丰富程度。随着社会和经济的发展,我国东北西部半干旱区的水资源供需矛盾日益突出。作者应用BIOME-BGC模型模拟了国际协调强化观测计划(CEOP)亚洲季风比较研究(CAMP)的一个地面观测基准站半干旱地区吉林通榆2002年10月~2003年9月草地和农田生态系统的潜热通量,并将模拟结果与通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测站涡度相关法测定的观测值进行了比较,结果表明两者基本一致。此外,CEOP的观测数据对模型的验证和改进具有重要意义,半干旱区水资源的合理利用须引起当地政府和群众的重视。