高精度甚长基线干涉测量理论时延软件的实现

针对甚长基线干涉测量天文观测、深空探测和空间阵列项目对高精度理论时延计算的需求,该文进行了高精度理论时延计算软件的具体实现。首先介绍了河外射电源和探测器理论时延计算模型;然后详细阐述了理论时延计算软件的系统架构及其具体实现;最后将该软件与DiFX软件和嫦娥工程甚长基线干涉测量软件的计算结果进行对比分析。比对结果显示:对于河外射电源,理论时延差最大为几百个皮秒;对于探测器,理论时延差小于2ns,这表明该软件能够用于地面验证试验。     

Evaluate dry deposition velocity of the nitrogen oxides using Noah-MP physics ensemble simulations for the Dinghushan Forest,Southern China

There has been a rapid growth of reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition over the world in the past decades. The Pearl River Delta region is one of the areas with high loading of nitrogen deposition. But there are still large uncertainties in the study of dry deposition because of its complex processes of physical chemistry and vegetation physiology. At present, the forest canopy parameterization scheme used in WRF-Chem model is a single-layer “big leaf” model, and the simulation of radiation transmission and energy balance in forest canopy is not detailed and accurate. Noah-MP land surface model (Noah-MP) is based on the Noah land surface model (Noah LSM) and has multiple parametric options to simulate the energy, momentum, and material interactions of the vegetation-soil-atmosphere system. Therefore, to investigate the improvement of the simulation results of WRF-Chem on the nitrogen deposition in forest area after coupled with Noah-MP model and to reduce the influence of meteorological simulation biases on the dry deposition velocity simulation, a dry deposition single-point model coupled by Noah- MP and the WRF-Chem dry deposition module (WDDM) was used to simulate the deposition velocity (V_d). The model was driven by the micro-meteorological observation of the Dinghushan Forest Ecosystem Location Station. And a series of numerical experiments were carried out to identify the key processes influencing the calculation of dry deposition velocity, and the effects of various surface physical and plant physiological processes on dry deposition were discussed. The model captured the observed V_d well, but still underestimated the V_d. The self-defect of Wesely scheme applied by WDDM, and the inaccuracy of built-in parameters in WDDM and input data for Noah-MP (e.g. LAI) were the key factors that cause the underestimation of V_d. Therefore, future work is needed to improve model mechanisms and parameterization.     

区域生态承载力预警评估方法及案例研究

本文针对国家资源环境承载能力监测预警评估中生态承载力评估的需求,探讨了生态承载力及预警的定义与内涵,从预警角度提出区域生态承载力评价的内容与方法,并以京津冀地区为例开展了案例研究。主要结论为：生态承载力是指生态系统提供服务功能、预防生态问题、保障区域生态安全的能力。生态承载力预警评估的实质是评估人类活动是否及在多大程度上影响生态系统在水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙等主要服务功能的提供,是否产生了生态环境问题,是否影响到区域的生态安全。其评价流程主要包括：区域生态承载力评价指标选取及评价方法和阈值的确定、生态承载力预警状况及变化趋势分析、成因解析等内容。本文提出的生态承载力预警评价的方法及案例,可为全国及区域生态承载力的评估提供基础。     

Evaluation of the Bioavailability of Metals in Sediment from the Southern Coastal Wetland of the Qiantang Estuary by Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique

Metal pollution has become an major issue governing the wetland ecosystem health.The southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Estuary are facing unusual perturbation due to rapid development along the embayment in recent decades.This study evaluated the bioavailability of metals(Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr and Zn)in the sediment of the southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Es-tuary using diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT)techniques and compared with several methods based on total metal content.The results showed that the contents of Cr,Pb,Cd and Cu in sediment,as detected using DGT,were considerably correlated with the exchangeable fraction and the content in Phragmites australis roots,while a weak correlation was observed for Zn.Therefore,DGT analysis could be used to evaluate the bioavailability and potential risk of Cr,Cd,Pb and Cu for P.australis.Quantitative indices,such as DGT concentration,bioaccumulation in P.australis,geoaccumulation index(Igeo)and potential ecological risk index(RI),revealed that Cd was a major potential ecological risk factor along the southern coast wetland of the Qiantang Estuary,especially in the upstream region,which is potentially more vulnerable to the anthropogenic pollution.     

厦门市震情灾情分析和输出系统

厦门市地震局利用Arcgis平台开发震情灾情分析和输出系统,该系统具有用户管理、震情灾情信息汇总、震情灾情信息查询与分析、震情灾情信息输出4大功能。通过该系统,地震应急和指挥部门能充分利用震情灾情信息进行相关科学研究,并为政府提供科学的救灾决策依据。     

黄河干流浮游植物群落特征及其对水质的指示作用

2008年5-6月和9-10月对黄河干流13个河段和4座水库的浮游植物群落及其环境进行了全面调查.共鉴定浮游植物8门83属150种,其中有硅藻59种,绿藻55种,蓝藻24种,甲藻4种,裸藻4种,金藻2种,黄藻1种和隐藻1种,平均细胞密度和生物量分别为126.90×104cells/L和0.940mg/L.从大的格局上看,浮游植物群落在种类数、种类组成和现存量上均存在较明显的空间分异,这种分异性可从河流流速、泥沙含量和受污染程度得到解释.根据浮游植物污染指示种和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析,黄河干流各河段多受到不同程度的污染.与1986年的资料相比,黄河干流浮游植物组成发生了明显变化,属数下降了9.8%,而平均生物量升高了128.7%,且在种类组成上也发生了明显的变化,表明河流污染程度的加剧.     

台州市临海东矶岛市级海洋公园管理研究

临海东矶岛海洋公园是浙江省台州市首个市级海洋公园,其建设和发展将丰富台州市乃至浙江省的海洋保护区和自然保护地管理体系。文章详细介绍该海洋公园的选划概况、生态和资源特点以及功能分区,针对建设中存在的主要问题,提出相应的管理对策,以期为保护当地海岛和海洋生态系统、科学合理开发海洋资源以及促进海洋经济可持续发展提供科学依据。     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组油藏特征及成藏主控因素

对准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组已发现油藏从层位、规模、油性、物性、物源、类型等方面进行了梳理和总结。沙湾组共发育岩性、断层-岩性、断鼻三类圈闭,储层特征与油藏规模存在差异,油性分布较复杂。在明确沙湾组复杂油藏特征的基础上,结合典型油藏解剖,认为长期继承性的古隆起、高效的毯状砂体输导层、断层纵横向的封闭性、储集层物性的差异、多源多期成藏过程及不同的保存条件是沙湾组油气藏类型多样、油性复杂的主要控制因素。根据上述认识,预测毯状砂体侧向尖灭带为有利的油气聚集区,从实钻效果看,该区带内油气显示丰富,展现出较好的勘探前景。     

单通道算法地表温度反演的若干问题讨论——以Landsat系列数据为例

目的 在地表温度反演中,Jiménez Muoz和Sobrino开发的单通道(SC)算法因其需要的实时大气参数少而被广泛应用。由于SC算法在2003年提出时只提供了针对LandsatTM的大气参数,导致许多后续基于ETM+数据的地表温度计算也都采用TM的大气参数。即使SC算法于2009年提出了改进版,但这一混用现象仍未改观。因此,基于实测地表温度,以Landsat5/7/8号卫星的热红外数据为例比较了2003和2009版的算法,探讨了Planck函数、λ取值和大气参数等常见问题。结果表明,2009版的算法明显提高了ETM+地表温度反演的精度,且以采用Planck函数和USGS提供的λ值时所获得的平均精度最高。在当前,如果要用SC算法来反演Landsat8的地表温度,可在大气水汽含量较低时选用TIRS10波段来单独进行。     

贵州寒武系底部碳同位素负异常的地层学和生物学意义

贵州境内早寒武世早期几乎都是黑色页岩沉积。最近在贵州福泉英坪寒武系底部却发现了一套泥岩夹薄层灰岩,它为研究早寒武世早期海洋地球化学特征提供了条件。贵州福泉英坪前寒武系—寒武系界线附近的碳同位素强烈的负异常特征可与全球同期碳同位素进行对比,它对应于中国云南会泽小歪头山段底部、蒙古Tsagaan Oloom组顶部、西伯利亚Salarrny Gol组顶部、美国西南、伊朗、安曼、波兰、纽芬兰、英国、加拿大等地新元古代—寒武纪界线附近的强烈碳同位素负异常,它可作为划分前寒武系—寒武系界线重要依据。该剖面上碳同位素强烈负异常之下有8m厚的黑色页岩和硅质岩,在黑色页岩中发现有大量高肌虫和虫管化石,说明缺氧的黑色页岩沉积期间海洋中有大量的生物生活,但到了灰绿色泥岩和灰岩互层的碳同位素强烈负异常层段,则几乎没有生物化石。可以说缺氧事件对前寒武系—寒武系界线附近生物绝灭事件似乎没有很大的影响,而碳同位素强烈的负异常事件与前寒武系—寒武系界线附近生物大绝灭关系更为密切。