Analysis of the lithospheric magnetic anomalies and tectonics in continental China and the adjacent regions using CHAMP satellite data

In this paper, the CHAMP satellite data from the last decade are used to map the lithospheric magnetic field in continental China at altitudes of 300 and 400 km using the spline function model technique. The results show that our model has higher amplitude than the spherical harmonic magnetic field model MF7. The resulting lithospheric anomaly distribution of continental China agrees with the geotectonic structure and crustal thermal structure. The magnetic anomaly distribution clearly indicates extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau towards the northeast and northwest directions. Northward movement is impeded by the relative rigid Tarim Basin featured with positive magnetic anomalies. The positive magnetic anomalies in Tarim basin extend to the northern Tibetan Plateau, suggesting that the southern part of Tarim Basin underthrusted the northern Tibetan Plateau.     

AntarcticaLC2000: The new Antarctic land cover database for the year 2000

Antarctica plays a key role in global energy balance and sea level change. It has been conventionally viewed as a whole ice body with high albedo in General Circulation Models or Regional Climate Models and the differences of land cover has usually been overlooked. Land cover in Antarctica is one of the most important drivers of changes in the Earth system. Detailed land cover information over the Antarctic region is necessary as spatial resolution improves in land process models. However, there is a lack of complete Antarctic land cover dataset derived from a consistent data source. To fill this data gap, we have produced a database named Antarctic Land Cover Database for the Year 2000 (AntarcticaLC2000) using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data acquired around 2000 and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) images acquired in the austral summer of 2003/2004 according to the criteria for the 1:100000-scale. Three land cover types were included in this map, separately, ice-free rocks, blue ice, and snow/firn. This classification legend was determined based on a review of the land cover systems in Antarctica (LCCSA) and an analysis of different land surface types and the potential of satellite data. Image classification was conducted through a combined usage of computer-aided and manual interpretation methods. A total of 4067 validation sample units were collected through visual interpretation in a stratified random sampling manner. An overall accuracy of 92.3% and the Kappa coefficient of 0.836 were achieved. Results show that the areas and percentages of ice-free rocks, blue ice, and snow/firn are 73268.81 km² (0.537%), 225937.26 km² (1.656%), and 13345460.41 km² (97.807%), respectively. The comparisons with other different data proved a higher accuracy of our product and a more advantageous data quality. These indicate that AntarcticaLC2000, the new land cover dataset for Antarctica entirely derived from satellite data, is a reliable product for a broad spectrum of applications.     

Degradation of crude oil in a contaminated tidal flat area and the resilience of bacterial community

Crude oil spills, Hebei Spirit in South Korea, is considered as one of the worst environmental disasters of the region. Our understanding on activation of oil-degrading bacteria and resilience of microbial community in oil contaminated sites are limited due to scarcity of such event. In the present study, tidal flat sediment contaminated by the oil spill were investigated for duration of 13 months to identify temporal change in microbial community and functional genes responsible for PAH-degradation. The results showed predominance of previously known oil-degrading genera, such as Cycloclasticus, Alcanivorax, and Thalassolituus, displaying significant increase within first four months of the accident. The disturbance caused by the oil spill altered the microbial community and its functional structures, but they were almost restored to the original state after 13 months. Present study demonstrated high detoxification capacity of indigenous bacterial populations in the tidal flat sediments and its resilience of microbial community.     

印度洋上层经向翻转环流的冬夏季节对比

上层经向翻转环流(shallow meridional overturning circulation, SMOC)主导热带-副热带上层海洋水体交换,对海洋物质输运和热量交换具有重要意义。基于7套海洋再分析数据产品,本文主要探讨了印度洋SMOC的冬夏季节变化及其差异的原因。结果显示,印度洋SMOC主要由南半球副热带环流圈(southern subtropical cell, SSTC)和跨赤道环流(cross-equatorial cell, CEC)组成,并且具有显著的季节差异。夏季风期间, SSTC和CEC均为表层南向输运,表层以下北向输运的逆时针环流结构。冬季风盛行时, SSTC仍维持逆时针结构,但环流中心南移且深度加深,强度弱于夏季;然而, CEC却转向为表层北向输运,表层以下向南输运的顺时针环流结构,其环流中心位置与夏季接近,环流强度与夏季相当。这种印度洋SMOC冬夏结构差异究其原因主要由风生环流主导, CEC冬夏季节环流方向反转是北印度洋冬夏季风转向的结果,而南印度洋信风的季节性位移和强度变化是SSTC强度和位置季节差异的主要原因。     

大庆地区地震精定位与震源机制解分析

依托大庆城市活动断层探测项目,开展大庆区域地震活动性研究。筛选黑龙江省及周边662个地震事件的震相到时,修订研究区域走时模型。对研究区148个地震运用交切法和双差法重新定位,对比发现,双差定位后地震定位精度显著提高,地震空间分布更加集中,条带状更为明显,震源深度表明,研究区孕震层基本位于地壳中上部。利用震源机制解资料,对工作区现代构造应力场进行分析,认为本区域构造应力场主压应力方向为NE向,以水平走滑作用为主。     

河南及邻区瑞利波群速度噪声层析成像

本文选取河南及邻区39个宽频带和甚宽频带地震台站记录的2014年1月～2015年12月垂直分量的连续波形资料,通过波形互相关和叠加运算得到台站间的经验格林函数,并用时频分析方法提取了498条瑞利波群速度频散曲线,进而采用噪声层析成像方法反演获得了河南及邻区8～25s的瑞利波群速度分布图像。结果表明,8s周期的群速度分布与地表构造特征密切相关,平原地区表现为低速异常,而基岩出露的山区呈现为高速异常;14s、20s周期的群速度在山区表现的高速异常与8s相似,说明中上地壳与地壳浅部结构有一定的相关性和继承性;8～20s周期的群速度在华北平原地区存在低速异常范围随周期增加而减小的现象。华北平原地区在下地壳表现出的低速异常,可能与大陆地壳减薄有关。大致以太行-武陵重力梯度带为界,下地壳表现出的西部低速、东部至研究区中部高速异常差异,体现了地壳东薄西厚的结构特征。     

水平分层土层系统等效阻尼比的简化计算方法

在实际工程场地中,很多土层可视为水平分层,各层土的物理和力学性质存在差异,其中包括土的振动阻尼比。本文讨论水平分层土层系统的等效阻尼比的近似计算方法,基于5个不同的加权函数推导了10种等效阻尼比的计算公式。通过2个算例,分别以等效阻尼比为参数计算水平分层土层的地震反应,并与准确解相比较,分析了不同等效阻尼比近似计算方法的计算精度。数值结果表明,若等效阻尼比计算方法选择不恰当,会导致土层地震反应的计算结果出现较大误差。针对2种不同类型的水平分层土层,建议采用基于三角形分布的加权函数来计算土层系统的等效阻尼比。     

Impacts of different vegetation restoration options on gully head soil resistance and soil erosion in loess tablelands

Vegetation restoration is identified as an effective approach to control soil erosion and affects soil detachment and resistance to concentrated flow on the Loess Plateau. However, the effects of vegetation restoration at gully heads in loess-tableland remains unclear. This study was performed to investigate the effects of nine vegetation restoration types at gully heads on soil detachment rate (Dr) and soil resistance to concentrated flow (i.e. soil erodibility, K_r and critical shear stress, τ_c). Undisturbed soil samples were collected from nine vegetation-restored lands and one slope cropland (as the control) and were subjected to a hydraulic flume to obtain Dr values of gully heads under six inflow discharges (0.5–3.5 L s^-1). The results showed that the Dr values of nine revegetated gully heads were 77.11% to 95.81% less than that of slope cropland, and the grassland dominated by Cleistogenes caespitosa and the shrubland dominated by Hippophae rhamnoides had a relatively greater decrease in Dr than those of other seven restoration types. The Dr value of nine revegetated gully heads could be better simulated by stream power than by flow velocity and shear stress and was also significantly affected by soil disintegration rate (positively), soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter content, and water-stable aggregate stability (negatively). Additionally, roots with diameters of 0 to 0.5 mm showed a greater effect on Dr than those with larger diameters. Compared to cropland, the nine restored types reduced K_r by 76.26% to 94.26% and improved τ_c by 1.51 to 4.68 times. The decrease in K_r and the increase in τ_c were significantly affected by organic matter content, water-stable aggregate, mean weight diameter of aggregate and root mass density. The combination of grass species (Cleistogenes caespitosa) and shrub (Hippophae rhamnoides) could be considered the best vegetation restoration types for improving soil resistance of gully heads to concentrated flow. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甘东南地区水氡浓度的临界慢化现象研究

本文将临界慢化理论应用于甘东南地区水氡浓度观测资料的处理中,以2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震、2013年7月22日甘肃岷县—漳县M_S6.6地震为例,计算表征临界慢化现象的自相关系数和方差。计算结果表明,甘东南地区多个台站的水氡浓度观测资料在两次地震前均存在较明显的临界慢化现象。并从空间分布、持续时间、变化形态方面分析了异常点水氡浓度变化的临界慢化特征,结合水氡异常的水动力学机制和异常点所在构造,认为2次地震前的临界慢化现象与地震的发生有一定关系。     

基于小波包分解和模糊聚类的网格结构损伤诊断方法

本文针对网格结构的特点,利用其在快速正弦扫频激励下的动力响应,基于小波包分解频带能量分析和模糊聚类法,提出了一种适合于网格结构的损伤诊断方法。利用两个传感器损伤信息的联合诊断,有效地解决了使用一个传感器无法检测出对称损伤的难题。利用有限元模拟,应用上述方法对一单层球面网壳结构进行了损伤诊断。结果表明,对网壳杆件较小程度的损伤,子频带能量成分变化敏感,用其构造诊断向量和建立损伤样本库,并进行模糊聚类和目标识别,基本可以正确地识别出网壳杆件的损伤位置和程度。同时该方法测试时间短,使用设备少,有可靠的理论基础,具有一定的工程应用参考价值。