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781.
D. G. Rancourt J. Y. Ping B. Boukili J. L. Robert 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1996,23(1):63-71
We have performed a detailed Mössbauer study of synthetic annites on the (OH, F)-join. Recently developed data treatment and spectral analysis methods were used to extract true intrinsic Fe2+ quadrupole splitting distributions (QSDs) that represent the most information that can be resolved from the spectra. The overall room temperature (RT) QSDs can be consistently interpreted in terms of four QSD contributions (or populations) centered at: QSHH2.55 mm/s for Fe2+O4(OH)2 octahedra (cis and trans not resolved), QSHF 2.35 mm/s for Fe2+O4(OH)F octahedra (cis and trans not resolved), QScFF2.15 mm/s for cis-Fe2+O4F2 octahedra, and QStFF 1.5 mm/s for trans-Fe2+O4F2 octahedra. Each such contribution has a width ( 0.2 mm/s) caused by distortions of the octahedra. Minor contributions due to Fe2+O5(OH) and Fe2+O5F octahedra probably also contribute to the overall Fe2+ QSDs. The ferric iron spectral components were also characterized. Here, two distinct types of octahedral Fe3+ contributions are seen and interpreted as being due mainly to Fe3+O5OH and Fe3+O5F octahedra, respectively. Tetrahedral Fe3+ is seen only in the OH-annite end-member and the total Fe3+ content drops significantly on addition of F.
On leave from: Department of Materials Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China 相似文献
782.
Dislocation configurations in natural single crystals of CaTiO3 perovskite deformed in high-temperature creep were examined and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Screw dislocations with Burgers vector [100]pc and [011]pc, dissociated on the $(01\bar 1)_{{\text{pc}}} $ plane, form rectangular networks with extended four-fold nodes in the shape of octagons, a configuration never observed in any of the previously investigated perovskites, except CaGeO3. Screw dislocations with Burgers vector [101]pc and $(\bar 101)_{{\text{pc}}} $ , on the (010)pc plane, react to form a twist wall; the dislocations with Burgers vector [002] produced by the reaction decompose into two perfect dislocations [001]pc. This results in a new configuration, never observed before, with three-fold nodes at the corners of rectangles. Both the octagonal extended nodes and the junctions decomposed into perfect dislocations are seen in samples deformed indifferently by slip on {100}pc or {110}pc planes, but they seem to appear only above 1520 K, in the cubic phase. 相似文献
783.
Among the three principal regional units of Croatia, i.e. the elongated and spacious Adriatic littoral (with numerous islands), the relatively small and narrow mountainous belt (the Croatian transit doorway) and the Pannonian/peri-Pannonian region, the latter is the largest and accounts for 54 percent of the surface area and 66 percent of the population of Croatia (1991 census). It is part of the Pannonian (or Carpathian) basin, or the central Danube basin, so that Croatia is simply by its position a Danube country. Its Danube character is also highlighted by the fact that the Pannonian/peri-Pannonian region of Croatia through the Sava and Drava Rivers is directly linked to the navigable Danube, which is the historical and ethnic eastern boundary of Croatia. Croatia is an old historical Danube nation and country, although it has nominally appeared as a state after the break-up of Yugoslavia, and its international recognition as an independent state (1992). 相似文献
784.
Croatia is a country of tourism, and this is primarily due to its position by the warm Adriatic Sea, its varying and picturesque landscapes, its diverse and generally favorable climate for tourism, its rich Mediterranean and Central European cultural heritage and its proximity to the leading European consumer countries.In the international tourism market, Croatia presents itself with the slogan A Small Country for a Great Vacation, because its 4.8 million inhabitants and surface area of 56,538 km2 place Croatia in the ranks of the world's smaller countries. Its significance is increased by an additional 33,200 km2 of territorial waters, of which a large part is considered internal waters because of its location within the limits of a series of islands.The tourism offering of Croatia is very diverse, but its basis is formed by three differing and mutually complimentary regions, through their natural characteristics and cultural heritage: coastal, montane and Pannonian and peri-Pannonian Croatia. The total tourism offering of Croatia includes 900,000 beds, of which over one-fifth are in hotels or similar places, two-fifths are in private rooms and one-third in camps.The tradition of tourism in Croatia is over one hundred years old, and according to the number of foreign tourists it is ranked as the fifth country for tourism in southern Europe. 相似文献
785.
Total ozone variations in the tropical belt: An application for quality of ground based measurements
Summary The study of the regime of ozone variations in the huge tropical belt (25° S to 25° N), which are, in general, very small and zonally nearly symmetric, permits to establish a statistical model for estimating the ozone deviations using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data. The equatorial stratospheric winds at 25 and 50hPa and the solar flux at 10.7 cm are used as major predictors and the linear trend was also estimated. The 10m/sec stratospheric wind change is related to1.2% ozone change at the equator, to practically no change in the 8–15° belts and up to 1.4% change with opposite phase over the tropics in spring but nearly zero change in fall. The solar cycle related amplitude is about 1.4% per 100 units of 10.7 cm solar flux. The ozone trends are negative: not significant over the equator and about –2% per decade (significant at 95% level) over the tropics. The latter could have been enforced by the 2 to 4% lower ozone values during 1991–1993, part of which might be related to the effects of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, but might also be due to the strong QBO. The estimated deviations are verified versus reliable observations and the very good agreement permits applying the model for quantitative quality control of the reported ozone data from previous years. The standard deviation of the difference between observed ozone deviations and those estimated from the model is only 0.9–1.6% for yearly mean, that means instruments used for total ozone observations in the tropical belt should have systematic error of less than 1%. Cases when the discrepancies between the model and reported observations at a given station exceed 2–3% for time interval of 2 or more years should be verified.With 17 Figures 相似文献
786.
Summary A land-air parametrization scheme (LAPS) describes mass, energy and momentum transfer between the land surface and the atmosphere. The scheme is designed as a software package which can be run as part of an atmospheric model or a stand-alone scheme. A single layer approach is chosen for the physical and biophysical scheme background. The scheme has six prognostic variables: two temperatures (one for the canopy vegetation and one for soil surface), one interception storage, and three soil moisture storage variables. The scheme's upper boundary conditions are: air temperature, water vapour pressure, wind speed, radiation and precipitation at some reference level within the atmospheric boundary layer. The sensible and latent heat are calculated using resistance representation. The evaporation from the bare soil is parametrized using the scheme. The soil part is designed as a three-layer model which is used to describe the vertical transfer of water in the soil.The performances of the LAPS scheme were tested using the results of meteorological measurements over a maize field at the experimental site De Sinderhoeve (The Netherlands). The predicted partitioning of the absorbed radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes is in good agreement with observations. Also, the predicted leaf temperature agrees quite well with the observed values.With 9 Figures 相似文献
787.
Cox R Lowe DR 《Journal of sedimentary research. Section A, Sedimentary petrology and processes : an international journal of SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology)》1996,66(3):548-558
Most studies of sandstone provenance involve modal analysis of framework grains using techniques that exclude the fine-grained breakdown products of labile mineral grains and rock fragments, usually termed secondary matrix or pseudomatrix. However, the data presented here demonstrate that, when the proportion of pseudomatrix in a sandstone exceeds 10%, standard petrographic analysis can lead to incorrect provenance interpretation. Petrographic schemes for provenance analysis such as QFL and QFR should not therefore be applied to sandstones containing more than 10% secondary matrix. Pseudomatrix is commonly abundant in sandstones, and this is therefore a problem for provenance analysis. The difficulty can be alleviated by the use of whole-rock chemistry in addition to petrographic analysis. Combination of chemical and point-count data permits the construction of normative compositions that approximate original framework grain compositions. Provenance analysis is also complicated in many cases by fundamental compositional alteration during weathering and transport. Many sandstones, particularly shallow marine deposits, have undergone vigorous reworking, which may destroy unstable mineral grains and rock fragments. In such cases it may not be possible to retrieve provenance information by either petrographic or chemical means. Because of this, pseudomatrix-rich sandstones should be routinely included in chemical-petrological provenance analysis. Because of the many factors, both pre- and post-depositional, that operate to increase the compositional maturity of sandstones, petrologic studies must include a complete inventory of matrix proportions, grain size and sorting parameters, and an assessment of depositional setting. 相似文献
788.
Hubble Space Telescope observations by Savage, Cardelli and Sofia (1992) and Cardelliet al. (1993) have led to improved gas phase abundances for many elements in the diffuse cloud towards the star Oph. Most remarkably, it was found that oxygen is much more strongly depleted than previousCopernicus observations indicated. As a consequence, chemical models of the Oph cloud are severely affected by the drop in the observed oxygen abundance by almost a factor of two; some previous model calculations for the Oph cloud failed to reproduce-even approximately-the observed high CO column density. The model calculations for the Oph cloud developed by Wagenblast (1992) in which the abundance of all observed neutral molecules could be reproduced have been revised and it is found that oxygen and nitrogen hydrides are required to be formed efficiently on the surface of grains; further, there are indications for a high cosmic ray ionization rate of the order 10–16 s–1. 相似文献
789.
We discuss the winding of a force-free axisymmetric magnetic field rooted on a heavy conductor onz=0. In quadrupolar symmetry the field expands in the half-spacez>0 and the toroidal flux concentrates on a conical surface. After a mean twist of 208°, the conical layer hosts large toroidal current loops with reversal of the magnetic flux on either side. The evolution of the field structure is described by scale-free static solutionsBr
–(p+2), withp taking values between 0 and 2. The large expansion factor of the field structure is suggestive of flaring originating on the solar photosphere. 相似文献
790.
High frequency temperature measurements were recorded at five heights and surface renewal (SR) analysis was used to estimate sensible heat flux density (H) over 0.1 m tall grass. Traces of the temperature data showed ramp-like structures, and the mean amplitude and duration of these ramps were used to calculate H using structure functions. Data were compared with H values measured with a sonic anemometer. Latent heat flux density (E) was calculated using an energy balance and the results were compared with E computed from the sonic anemometer data. SR analysis provided good estimates of H for data recorded at all heights but the canopy top and at the highest measurement level, which was above the fully adjusted boundary layer. 相似文献