Luminosity characteristics of leaders in natural cloud-to-ground lightning flashes

Using high-speed cameras, we have recorded the leaders contained in four natural negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes in the summers of 2006 and 2007 at Conghua, Guangdong, China. It was found that the downward negative leaders preceding the first return stroke could propagate at quite different speeds. In one flash, the average speed of the downward negative stepped leader with no branches is about 2.2 × 10⁶ m s^− 1, while that of the other 3 flashes are all of the order of 10⁵ m s^− 1 with multilevel branches. The luminosity of the leaders shows an increasing tendency in propagating downward to the ground. For the leaders preceding the subsequent strokes, although all of them exhibit high speeds as reported previously. One subsequent leader exhibits an increasing speed from 5.2 × 10⁵ m s^− 1 to 1.7 × 10⁶ m s^− 1 during its propagation from about 1.26 to 0.36 km above the ground, and its luminosity also increased. The speed and luminosity of a leader between subsequent strokes of a natural lightning appear to decrease as it developed downward. Its speed ranges from 1.1 × 10⁶ to 1.1 × 10⁵ m s^− 1, with a height between 1.15 and 0.81 km above the ground.     

闪电电场变化波形时域特征分析及放电类型识别

对闪电电场变化波形进行时域特征分析,研究闪电放电类型识别方法,是闪电探测系统研制工作的重要组成部分.利用闪电快电场变化资料,研究分析闪电波形的时域特征,分别统计负地闪回击和双极性窄脉冲波形的上升时间、下降时间、脉冲宽度等多个特征参数,得出负地闪回击波形上升时间平均值为2.9μs、下降时间平均值为89μs、脉冲宽度平均值为15.4μs,而双极性窄脉冲波形的上升时间平均值为1.7μs、下降时间平均值为2.1μs、脉冲宽度平均值为2.4μs.通过对闪电波形参数的统计分析,给出了不同放电过程的识别判据,实现了对地闪回击、双极性窄脉冲的自动识别,并利用实测数据进行了验证.结果表明,制定的波形识别判据对负地闪回击的识别效率可达到90%,对正地闪回击与双极性窄脉冲事件也有较高的识别率.     

闽南漳州地区居里等深面

应用连续模型的居里面反演方法对闽南漳州地热区居里等深面作了计算,并对该居里等深面的资料进行了初步的解释和分析,取得了较好的效果。     

铜陵老鸦岭Au、Ag的宏观和微观分布型式

该矿区铜矿化和锌铅矿化主要发生在二叠系和三叠系的灰岩、白云岩化灰岩、硅质和炭质页岩中，部分岩石具有较高的Ａｕ、Ａｇ等元素的背景值。石英问长玢岩规模较大者，与铜矿化和其他矿化关系密切。主要矿石类型有夕卡岩型、硅质页岩型和角岩型３种。金主要以吸附形式存在胶状硫化矿物和草莓状黄铁矿中，在角岩中，金品位较高且见有较大颗粒的自然金。通过对３个中段的系统采样分析和计算机处理，得出该矿区金、银等有关元素的宏观分布模式。     

A review of advances in lightning observations during the past decade in Guangdong,China

This paper reviews recent advances in understanding the physical processes of artificially triggered lightning and natural lightning as well as the progress in testing lightning protection technologies, based on a series of lightning field campaigns jointly conducted by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Guangdong Meteorological Bureau since 2006. During the decade-long series of lightning field experiments, the technology of rocket-wire artificially triggered lightning has been improved, and has successfully triggered 94 lightning flashes. Through direct lightning current waveform measurements, an average return stroke peak current of 16 kA was obtained. The phenomenon that the downward leader connects to the lateral surface of the upward leader in the attachment process was discovered, and the speed of the upward leader during the connection process being significantly greater than that of the downward leader was revealed. The characteristics of several return strokes in cloud-to-ground lighting have also been unveiled, and the mechanism causing damage to lightning protection devices (i.e., ground potential rise within the rated current) was established. The performance of three lightning monitoring systems in Guangdong Province has also been quantitatively assessed.     

雷暴云中闪电放电条件下的雨滴增长

从考虑雷暴云中电场力作用的水滴运动方程出发，利用球的正面阻力系数ψ和雷诺数Ｒｅ的实验关系，计算出水滴在外力作用下的瞬时运动速度，从而计算出环境电场作周期性变化时水滴增长的规律。     

A Lightning Activity Forecast Scheme Developed for Summer Thunderstorms in South China

Based on the relationship between lightning flash density and radar echoes and a statistical analysis using satellite and radar observations,a scheme was introduced into the mesoscale model GRAPES (Global and Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) to forecast the cloud to ground (CG) flash activities.Because the relationship is a necessary but not sufficient condition for lightning,an additional constraint condition related to temperature of cloud top is added into the scheme to determine whether the ...     

相关时延估计在宽带干涉仪闪电观测中的应用

针对噪声对宽带干涉仪测角的干扰,提出了互相关测角算法.该方法避开频域分析,计算简单.通过仿真试验表明其抗干扰较强,具有一定的精度.通过本方法对人工引雷数据分析,能够明显定位直窜先导-继后回击过程,为宽带干涉仪测角提供了一个新思路.     

Wavelet multiresolution based multifractal analysis of electric fields by lightning return strokes

Lightning can be seen as a large-scale cooperative phenomenon, which may evolve in a self-similar cascaded way. Using the electric field waveforms recorded by the slow antenna system, the mono- and multifractal behaviors of 115 first return strokes in negative cloud-to-ground discharges have been investigated with a wavelet multiresolution based multifractal method. The results show that the return stroke process, in term of its electric field waveform, has apparent fractality and strong degree of multifractality. The multifractal spectra obtained for the 115 cases are all well fitted to a modified version of the binomial cascade multifractal model. The width of the multifractal spectra, which measure the strength of multifractality, is 1.6 on average. The fractal dimension of the electric field waveforms ranges from 1.2 to 1.5 with an average of 1.3, a similar value to the fractal dimension of the lightning channel obtained by others. This suggests that the lightning-produced electric fields may have the same fractal dimension as its channel. The relationship between the peak current of a return stroke and the charge deposition in its channel is also discussed. The results suggest that the wavelet and scaling analysis may be a powerful tool in interpretation of the lightning-produced electric fields and therefore in understanding lightning.