柴达木盆地东北缘中中新世以来古气候变化

全球变冷、青藏高原隆升以及特提斯洋海退被认为是控制亚洲大陆新生代气候变化的三大因素,然而由于长时间尺度古气候记录的匮乏,对于三者影响的认识并不清晰。柴达木盆地是青藏高原北部最大的一个封闭盆地,发育巨厚且连续的新生代地层,详细记录了周缘山体构造隆升过程和区域气候演化历史。本文通过柴达木盆地东北缘怀头他拉剖面的中中新世-早更新世沉积物气候代用指标碳酸盐、硫酸根和氯离子含量分析,显示该研究区中中新世以来气候变化经历了15.3~13.0Ma相对湿润、13.0~6.6Ma半干旱-半湿润和6.6~1.8Ma干旱的3个演化阶段。结合生物特征和前人研究成果,认为柴达木盆地干旱化历史可能从中中新世13Ma左右开始逐步发展,而真正意义上的干旱化始于6.6Ma以来。全球变冷是控制柴达木盆地干旱气候形成和发展的主导因素,同时青藏高原晚期持续阶段性的强烈隆升起到了催化剂的作用。     

三角剪切断层传播褶皱在祁连山北缘断裂中的应用:以黑河口断层为例

逆冲断层运动学过程研究可为造山作用和盆地演化提供重要的信息。位于青藏高原东北缘的祁连山北缘逆冲断裂（NFT）是一条主要的边界断裂,控制着祁连山晚新生代以来的隆升变形,但对于该断裂系统的运动学过程缺乏研究。甘肃张掖西南莺落峡附近,黑河口断层（祁连山北缘断裂的一部分）穿过红沙沟并导致其阶地面错断和褶皱变形。为了研究该区域褶皱变形特征和断层运动学过程,我们首先在红沙沟区域进行了详细的野外考察并对变形的地层和阶地面进行了测量,然后通过数值模拟方法来验证褶皱模型。红沙沟保存有9级河流阶地,利用差分GPS对阶地面的高程进行了测量,同时在野外测量了部分地层的产状。多处断层剖面表明该区域变形属于基底卷入的构造类型,另外变形的阶地面在近断层处表现出明显的褶皱形态。结合阶地面变形特征以及地层的变形,三角剪切断层传播褶皱模型被初步用于该区域构造变形的解释。模型模拟得到自T5、T6和T7形成以来断层滑动量分别是 44±7m、59±10m和 164±28m;结合T6年代得到自约9万年以来该断层的平均滑动速率为 0.68±0.19mm/a,垂直分量为 0.58±0.13mm/a。根据地层与阶地变形特征,并结合模型模拟结果,我们认为祁连山山前基底断层卷入的构造中,在断层出露地表之前,断层顶端存在一个分散式的三角形变形区,区域的应力状态控制着下伏地层和上覆地貌面的褶皱变形。     

不同模式模拟的降水稳定同位素效应的比较和评估

利用引入水稳定同位素循环的ECHAM4、GISS E、HadCM3、MUGCM以及iAWBM的模拟数据,分析了全球降水中稳定同位素效应的空间分布特征,对不同模式的模拟结果之间以及模拟结果与GNIP（Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation）的实际监测结果之间进行了比较,旨在对稳定同位素大气环流模式的模拟有效性进行评价,改善对水循环中水稳定同位素效应的理解和认识。结果显示,5个模式均很好地再现了全球降水中平均δ18O和平均δ18O季节差的空间分布特征,降水中稳定同位素的温度效应、降水量效应的分布特点以及全球大气水线GMWL（Global Meteoric Water Line）均被很好地模拟出。比较而言,ECHAM4模拟的降水中的平均δ18O以及δ18O平均季节差的空间分布与GNIP的实际分布最接近,拟合水平也最高;ECHAM4、GISS E、MUGCM和iAWBM再现全球温度效应空间分布的能力较强,拟合水平大致相当;由iAWBM模拟的降水量效应空间分布与实际分布之间的相关性最强,5个模式模拟的与实测的δ18O/P相关系数符号相同的站点数大致位于同一水平;GISS E和iAWBM模拟的全球大气水线与实测的GMWL最接近。     

Geomorphological site classification for the Fujian province

Geomorphological classification of the Fujian province was done based on remote-sensing imaging, digital elevation maps, and slope gradient data acquired by ArcGIS 9.2. The engineering geological units in the Fujian province were divided into five types by the geomorphologic shape and genesis. The relationship among geomorphological type, engineering geological unit, and site category was determined using engineering geological data and site category data. Then, after making a preliminary site classification adjusted by drill hole data, the site was classified into four types: I₀, I₁, II, and III according to site classification standards of equivalent shear-wave velocity and overburden thickness. The results showed that the site categories in the Fujian province mainly consist of type II, which accounts for 85.26 % of the land area. The percentage of I₀ was the smallest, which accounts for only 2.44 % of the total area.     

Application of data assimilation for improving forecast of water levels and residual currents in Singapore regional waters

Hydrodynamic models are commonly used for predicting water levels and currents in the deep ocean, ocean margins and shelf seas. Their accuracy is typically limited by factors, such as the complexity of the coastal geometry and bathymetry, plus the uncertainty in the flow forcing (deep ocean tide, winds and pressure). In Southeast Asian waters with its strongly hydrodynamic characteristics, the lack of detailed marine observations (bathymetry and tides) for model validation is an additional factor limiting flow representation. This paper deals with the application of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF)-based data assimilation with the purpose of improving the deterministic model forecast. The efficacy of the EnKF is analysed via a twin experiment conducted with the 2D barotropic Singapore regional model. The results show that the applied data assimilation can improve the forecasts significantly in this complex flow regime.     

The spatial distribution of archaeal lipids in a mesoscale subtropical watershed,Southeast China

Archaea play an important role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Archaeal lipids, such as isoprenoid glycerol diakyl glycerol tetraethers (iGDGTs), are important biomarkers tracing change in archaeal community structure and biogeochemical processes in the natural environments. In this research, the spatial distributions of archaeal lipids in the surface sediments of the Jiulong River (JR) and the Jiulong River estuary (JRE) were examined. GDGT-0 (containing zero cyclopentyl ring) and crenarchaeol were the most abundant iGDGTs in the JR and JRE. From the rivers to the estuary, the total iGDGTs, GDGT-0, crenarchaeol and archaeol concentrations showed significant spatial variation; in particular, GDGT-0 and archaeol in the river may be predominantly derived in situ from methanogens, whereas crenarchaeol in the estuary mainly derived in situ from Thaumarchaeota. We inferred that archaeal community was dominated by methanogens in the Jiulong River and by Thaumarchaeota in the Jiulong River estuary, which are consistent with change in archaeal community structure observed in other estuarine environments.     

5•12汶川地震中山区公路桥梁震害及启示

桥梁结构的振动特性受场地条件及土—结相互作用影响显著,为提高桥梁结构的抗震性能,减少因结构破坏而产生的经济损失,进一步开展考虑场地土体非线性以及土—结相互作用对桥梁结构地震反应影响的研究工作十分必要。本文以一典型桥梁结构为例,着重介绍了美国太平洋地震工程研究中心基于性能的桥梁有限元模拟平台BridgePBEE应用中所涉及的地震动选取、桥梁结构建模、土体本构选择以及基于构件的桩—土—桥梁结构体系损伤评估方法,为研究震后桥梁结构经济损失分析方法提供可行性方案。     

Distribution of suspended particulate matter in the northern Bohai Bay in summer and its relation with thermocline

Field observations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Bohai Bay, China have not been widely reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the horizontal and vertical distribution of mass and volume concentrations of SPM, respectively, based on observed data at 312 stations in the northern Bohai Bay during summer of 2006. A numerical model ECOMSED coupled with a sediment transport module was also established to further discuss the mechanism of the thermocline effect on the vertical distribution of SPM. The mass concentrations of SPM exhibited high inshore values and low offshore values in the horizontal distribution; while in the vertical direction, characteristics of the volume concentration of SPM can be divided into two types: one with a sharp peak at depth of 10–15 m and another without. The peak value at the depth of the thermocline was resulted from concentrated phytoplankton. A numerical experiment further displayed that the thermocline can also prevent particles from being resuspended upward.     

Multiple magnetic clouds in interplanetary space

An interplanetary magnetic cloud (MC) is usually considered the byproduct of a coronal mass ejection (CME). Due to the frequent occurrence of CMEs, multiple magnetic clouds (multi-MCs), in which one MC catches up with another, should be a relatively common phenomenon. A simple flux rope model is used to get the primary magnetic field features of multi-MCs. Results indicate that the magnetic field configuration of multi-MCs mainly depends on the magnetic field characteristics of each member of multi-MCs. It may be entirely different in another situation. Moreover, we fit the data from the Wind spacecraft by using this model. Comparing the model with the observations, we verify the existence of multi-MCs, and propose some suggestions for further work.     

苡茨河泥石流地质灾害及防治

据统计,1992~2013年苡茨河曾多次发生泥石流地质灾害,并造成村民生命财产巨大损失。2013年7月24日再次爆发泥石流,破坏农田71280m2(108亩)。因此在对苡茨河泥石流形成条件、活动特征分析基础上,分析其泥石流的形成机制及其造成巨大危害的原因,预测其发展趋势,在已有治理措施的基础上,提出两种防治对策进行对比,得出一个较为合理的防治方案。