气温日较差研究进展:变化趋势及其影响因素

从日较差的变化趋势、影响因素以及人类活动对气候变化影响的指示3个方面对日较差的研究进行了总结和概括。观测数据以及气候模式模拟的结果表明,全球气温日较差在近半个多世纪以来呈下降趋势,而这种下降趋势不仅仅是自然变化的结果,还受到人类活动的影响。辐射、云量、气溶胶、下垫面的变化、水汽、降水以及航迹云等因素都能对日较差的变化造成影响。日较差的"周末效应"以及城市化过程中日较差的变化相对于平均气温的变化,能够更有效地指示人类活动对气候变化的影响。     

鄂东一次下击暴流天气的中尺度分析

利用自动气象站观测网资料,计算了逐分钟地面散度场,并将散度场等与多普勒天气雷达资料叠加形成综合分析场,对2007年7月27日鄂东地区雷雨大风天气过程进行了中尺度分析。结果表明:地形辐合线对中尺度对流系统(MCS)触发和加强起到重要作用。MCS发生发展期间,多普勒天气雷达上相继有两个弓状回波形成。第一个弓状回波在速度图上因弓状回波移动方向与雷达波束有较大夹角后部入流急流特征不明显,但强度图上有弱回波通道特征;第二个弓状回波沿雷达径向移动,后部入流急流特征明显。武汉地区灾害性雷雨大风是一个强盛的多单体风暴所产生的系列下击暴流造成的,它位于第二弓状回波向前突出的位置。系列下击暴流发生期间,地面附近强辐散峰值与多单体风暴强回波高度显著下降的时间和位置基本一致。除弓状回波特征、后部入流急流、中层速度辐合及回波重心高度下降等特征外,弱回波通道、风暴相对速度图上沿雷达波束方向的正负速度对等也是下击暴流发生的典型特征。     

Model for Methane Emission from Rice Fields and Its Application in Southern China

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点源冰雹云研究

本文阐述了一类新型冰雹云——点源冰雹云。文章介绍了点源冰雹云的实例、特征、演变规律、单体性质及单体之间关系等。此文还介绍了它的模式及它与传播雹云的异同。     

南疆沙漠腹地大气边界层气象要素廓线分析

利用塔中80m观测塔梯度系统采集的2006年8月、10月和2007年1月、4月的风、温度、湿度资料,结合气象站的同步气象资料,对南疆沙漠腹地近地层四季的晴天平均风速、温度、湿度廓线分布特征进行分析。结果表明,晴天平均风速白天随高度升高增加缓慢,夜间较快,低层风速白天比夜间大,高层则白天比夜间小,春夏季风速较大;四季平均温度廓线表现为夜间辐射型、早上过渡型、白天日射型和傍晚过渡型等四种类型,早、晚过渡时间四季各有不同,日最低、最高温度出现时间四季则相差不大;冬季夜间比湿随高度升高而增大,整个80m近地层表现为逆湿状态,其他季节逆湿一般出现在0．5—1m、1～2m、32—47m、63—80m等4个层次上,各逆湿层出现的时间各季节有所差异。     

Validation of parameterized convective fluxes with DIAMOD

Summary A diagnostic model (DIAMOD) for the atmosphere over Europe is use at the University of Vienna. Central parameters in each diagnostic column (horizontal resolution 100 km, time resolution 12 hours) are the vertical moisture plus heat flux (the total convective heat fluxh) and the vertical rain flux (r); both are functions of pressure. In this study DIAMOD is applied to validate the output of a forecast model for the simulation of acid deposition (EURAD) which is in use at the University of Cologne. The basic equations of both DIAMOD and EURAD models are summarized with emphasis on the sub-gridscale hydrologic components.First, the nontrivial problem of validating model output versus observations is discussed. Two different validation techniques based upon the budget equations are indentified. The fully prognostic technique compares the forecast of EURAD for the total verification period with the corresponding DIAMOD output. The semiprognostic validation technique involves only one-time-step tendencies. Neither yields an exact correspondence between EURAD and DIAMOD; however, the semiprognostic technique comes somewhat closer to the ideal of an objective validation. The quantities investigated are: The fields, the time tendencies and the fluxesh andr.Second, EURAD is validated versus DIAMOD with both techniques for the EUMAC Joint Wet Case (the Chernobyl episode) in April 1986; the output fields include selected profiles ofh(p) over France (a moist night situation) and over Greece (a dry day situation). The comparison demonstrates for both that the EURAD forecasts are acceptable for ther-fluxes but are relatively poor for theh-fluxes. Reasons for the differences are discussed.With 11 Figures     

驻马店极端气温分析

利用驻马店10个站气象资料,分析了极端温度的时间变化特征、高温天气与6-8月降水量之间的关系和极端晴热高温、极端湿热高温天气形成的天气背景及影响因子,确定了高温出现的前期预报指标。     

The characteristics of ultraviolet radiation in arid and semi-arid regions of China

Measurements of the broadband global solar radiation (R _S) and total ultraviolet radiation (the sum of UV-A and UV-B) were conducted from 2005 to 2010 at 9 sites in arid and semi-arid regions of China. These data were used to determine the temporal variability of UV and UV/R _S and their dependence on the water vapor content and clearness index. The dependence of UV/R _S on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor content was also investigated. In addition, a simple and efficient empirically model suited for all-weather conditions was developed to estimate UV from R _s. The annual average daily UV level in arid and semi-arid areas is 0.61 and 0.59 MJ m^?2 d^?1, respectively. The highest value (0.66?±?0.25 MJ m^?2 d^?1) was recorded at an arid area at Linze. The lowest value (0.53?±?0.22 MJ m^?2 d^?1) was recorded at a semi-arid area at Ansai. The highest daily value of UV radiation was measured in May, whereas the lowest value was measured in December. The monthly variation of the UV/R _s ratio ranged from 0.41 in Aksu to 0.35 in Qira. The monthly mean value of UV/R _s gradually increased from November and then decreased in August. A small decreasing trend of UV/R _s was observed in the arid and semi-arid regions due to recently increasing amounts of fine aerosol. A simple and efficient empirically model suit for all-weather condition was developed to estimate UV from R _s. The slope a and intercept b of the regression line between the estimated and measured values were close to 1 and zero, respectively. The relative error between the estimated and measured values was less than 11.5%. Application of the model to data collected from different locations in this region also resulted in reasonable estimates of UV.     

水平离散网格与大气运动

从线性浅水方程组出发,在Arakawa A-E网格和z网格上,从频率和群速方面讨论了这六种网格对大气中的两种重要的波动：惯性重力波和Rossby波的描述能力。结果表明：C、z、E网格比其它网格产生的歪曲都要小。