Longshore drift estimation using fluorescent tracers: New insights from an experiment at Comporta Beach, Portugal

A fluorescent sand-tracer experiment was performed at Comporta Beach (Portugal) with the aim of acquiring longshore sediment transport data on a reflective beach, the optimization of field and laboratory tracer procedures and the improvement of the conceptual model used to support tracer data interpretation.

The field experiment was performed on a mesotidal reflective beach face in low energetic conditions (significant wave height between 0.4 and 0.5 m). Two different colour tracers (orange and blue) were injected at low tide and sampled in the two subsequent low tides using a high resolution 3D grid extending 450 m alongshore and 30 m cross-shore. Marked sand was detected using an automatic digital image processing system developed in the scope of the present experiment.

Results for the two colour tracers show a remarkable coherence, with high recovery rates attesting data validity. Sand tracer displayed a high advection velocity, but with distinct vertical distribution patterns in the two tides: in the first tide there was a clear decrease in tracer advection velocity with depth while in the second tide, the tracer exhibited an almost uniform vertical velocity distribution. This differing behaviour suggests that, in the first tide, the tracer had not reached equilibrium within the transport system, pointing to a considerable time lag between injection and complete mixing. This issue has important implications for the interpretation of tracer data, indicating that short term tracer experiments tend to overestimate transport rates. In this work, therefore, longshore estimates were based on tracer results obtained during the second tide.

The estimated total longshore transport rate at Comporta Beach was 2 × 10^− 3 m³/s, more than four times larger than predicted using standard empirical longshore formulas. This discrepancy, which results from the unusually large active moving layer observed during the experiment, confirms the idea that most common longshore transport equations under-estimate total sediment transport in plunging/surging waves.     

2℃温升目标下中国排放配额分析

本文以国际社会当前所有主要分配方案为基础,研究了2℃温升目标下中国2011-2050年间排放配额,通过控制变量进一步分析了配额分配对于主要参数设置的敏感性。研究结果表明,在与2℃目标相兼容的RCP2.6路径下,到2050年中国CO₂累计排放配额范围为150～440 Gt CO₂,基于等人均排放的分配方式已经变得最不利于中国。为维护合理的排放权益,在气候谈判中中国必须坚持对历史排放的完整追溯。全球排放路径的设定对中国配额也有着非常显著的影响,当2050年全球配额比2010年排放减少40%～50%时,中国在2℃目标下CO₂累计配额范围为151～474 Gt CO₂,当减少50%～60%时为138～478 Gt CO₂,构成中国配额公平范围下限的方案受排放路径的影响更大。     

Assessing landslide movements in volcanic islands using near-shore marine geophysical data: south Pico island,Azores

Marine geophysical data from around the submarine flanks of volcanic islands can potentially help to resolve whether large-scale instability of an edifice has been geologically recently active. We use geophysical data to investigate part of the coast of Pico Island of the Azores where, above sea-level, a major slump of Topo volcano has been interpreted previously from arcuate escarpments and a rugged irregular topography seaward of them. Multibeam echo-sounder data collected offshore of this feature show remarkably little evidence for slump fault movements in the island's submarine slope. Mid-slope benches, like those associated with the Hilina Slump of Kilauea, are absent. The high-resolution data extends onto the island's shelf, allowing us to evaluate evidence for continuing activity there. In particular, as the shelf's rock platform will have been last modified by surf erosion during the postglacial period of sea-level transgression, it provides a reference surface of intermediate age (7–19 ka) that can potentially reveal whether any movements occurred in pre-historic times. Where the arcuate escarpments are continued offshore, the modern seabed shows no bathymetric evidence for active faults where the shelf rock platform crops out in the multibeam data. Elsewhere, mobile shelf sediments could be disguising evidence for active faulting so we examined boomer profiles able to image the rock platform beneath them. The data reveal a platform that is steep (6.6°) compared with the dips of platforms that we have studied previously around the coast of adjacent Faial Island and steeper than the platform outside the proposed slump. This suggests that it was created by coastal erosion over a shorter period and hence is consistent with a younger age of the coastline. As with the multibeam data, where escarpments are continued offshore onto the shelf, the rock surface imaged with these boomer data also shows no clear evidence of major slump-related fault displacements. This study therefore illustrates how high-resolution boomer seismic and multibeam data could usefully contribute to hazard assessment of volcanic islands, by helping to evaluate areas with no historical movements. Explanations to reconcile the onshore and offshore data here are also put forward.     

塔河油气田AT1区块凝析气藏三维地质建模研究

以随机函数理论为基础,采用相控-多参数协同的随机建模方法,建立塔河油气田AT1区块凝析气藏三维地质模型,实现气藏精细三维表征。首先,以钻井和岩芯资料为基础构建储层构造模型;然后,以小层界面为控制条件建立储层结构模型;接着,在沉积相、地质条件的约束下,采用序贯指示模拟法来建立砂体骨架模型;随后,在砂体骨架模型内进行优势相计算,形成最终有效砂体骨架模型;最后,以有效砂体骨架模型为约束,采用序贯高斯模拟法建立储层物性参数模型。结果表明：将物性参数变量与微相分布结合的序贯高斯模拟法建立孔隙度等物性参数的分布模型,以及采用地质分析类比、地质统计分析等方法优选最佳模型是有效的地质建模方法;所建地质模型精确细致地表征了塔河油气田AT1区块凝析气藏构造格架及储层、流体三维分布,反映了辫状水道复合连片,东北向展布,储层物性受相控较明显,非均质性较强。     

水中丝爆等离子体破岩机理研究

在隧道开挖、矿山开采等基础工程建设中,岩石爆破技术发挥着重要作用。等离子体碎岩技术具有无污染,破碎过程中无飞石、无有害气体的产生,使用方便,作业效率高,是替代炸药碎岩的最有效可行的方法。本文研究了水中丝爆产生等离子体破碎岩石的机理,分析了高电压脉冲放电过程中的铜丝融化过程,建立了铜丝在各阶段变化的电阻模型,利用MATLAB对不同阶段放电电路的电流进行了数值仿真分析,并与实验得到的电流波形进行对比。研究发现,电流波形,上升沿时间越短,脉冲放电效果越好。铜丝变化产生等离子体的过程中,等离子体通道具有一定的电阻性。实验数据结果与模型数值计算结果基本相符。     

中国西北内陆盆地水分垂直循环及其生态学意义

中国西北内陆盆地中的地下水系统,对维系其浅表水分、热量、盐分均衡以及地表的生态平衡、土壤的资源属性和局部地域气候相对稳定性具有不可或缺的调节作用,这种调节作用是通过饱和带水、包气带水(土壤水)、近地表大汽水和植物体内水("四水")之间的垂直循环来实现的.目前的相关研究主要侧重于地下水与地表植被类型间对应关系的统计分析,较少涉及水分运移的机制;而以水分垂直循环的动力学机制为研究对象的SPAC系统(土壤-植物-大气连续体),则对地下水的重视程度不够,且存在着尺度转换的困难,更为完整的应该是GSPAC系统(地下水-土壤-植物-大气连续体).干旱区内陆盆地地下水生态效应的研究需要开展以下的工作:"四水"垂直循环的动力学过程与机制研究,尤其是饱水带-包气带界面水、汽、热转化过程的研究;人类活动影响下地下水系统演化特征的研究,它不仅是实现水分垂直循环研究的最终目的——水资源合理开发利用的中间环节,更是将"四水"垂直循环这一微观水文循环过程与区域水文循环过程相结合,实现尺度转化的关键所在.     

动态城市交通网络优化模型研究及算法设计

在城市交通网络中,行车路线所耗时间是用户关心的关键因素之一.本文构建了基于时间因素的城市交通网络模型,为反映交通网络随时间动态变化的特性,网络模型中弧的权重是和时间统计变量相关.本文设计了交通网络模型算法,并对算法进行了详细的论述.针对实际交通网络的行驶线路选择人群中乐观型、保守型和折中型,给出了路线选择的简化模型.文...     

混沌优化算法在土质边坡稳定性分析中的应用

确定边坡最危险滑动面并计算与之相对应的安全系数是边坡支护的重要任务。本文结合简化Bishop法,用一种新的智能优化算法混沌优化算法来搜索全局最优解。该方法利用混沌运动本身具有遍历性、随机性、规律性等内在特点,能在一定范围内按其自身规律不重复地遍历所有状态,易于跳出局部最优解,具有很强的全局搜索能力。通过坡高为12.3m的某电厂三层土质边坡的典型算例分析,并和遗传算法、枚举法计算结果对比可知,计算结果超于一致,其差值接近于0,因此混沌优化算法能在很高精度下搜索到全局最优解,能很好地解决边坡稳定性分析中的优化问题。     

再力花/菖蒲生物湿地床去除河水中氮磷的试验

采用再力花和菖蒲构建湿地床,以考察其对污染河水的净化效果。6个月的连续试验表明:在水力负荷为0.24 m3/(m2.d)、植物种植密度大于158株/m2的条件下,2种植物存活率均大于93%,说明植物能适应低污染负荷、高种植密度的无土培养环境;再力花和菖蒲湿地床月均去除率分别为:总氮(TN),48.22%～78.53%和43.23%～72.42%;总磷(TP),77.62%～85.67%和58.07%～80.77%。再力花湿地床对TN、TP的净化效果好于菖蒲湿地床;2种植物吸收N、P含量分别占去除总量的比例:N为44.14%、37.75%,P为73.43%、62.05%。湿地床技术可有效去除来水中的TN、TP,通过植物吸收作用累积N、P含量较高,不同种类的植物构建湿地床对污染河水中N、P去除效果存在显著差异,且硝化反硝化和植物吸收是去除N的主要途径,而植物吸收是去除P的有效手段。     

新疆、青海、俄罗斯糖白玉的宝石学特征对比分析

为了查明新疆、青海、俄罗斯三地所产糖白玉的结构、成分和成因差异,在观察原料外观特征的基础上,采用常规宝石学方法、偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射仪和电子探针研究新疆、青海、俄罗斯糖白玉样品,从结构类型、矿物组成、化学成分和成因特征等方面进行对比分析。结果表明,以上三地糖白玉的主要矿物组成均为透闪石,次要矿物组成则各有不同。新疆、俄罗斯糖白玉以毛毡状变晶结构为主,青海糖白玉以纤维状变晶结构和纤维-隐晶质变晶结构为主;初步认定以上三地糖白玉的糖色为次生色,主要由褐铁矿导致。结合相关地质背景和风化作用特征,推测以上三地糖白玉不同的外观特征主要受玉体成矿后期和成矿期结束后周围环境变化的影响。