多时相无人机影像的烟草轮作精细监测

针对大区域烟草轮作监测缺乏有效手段的问题,文章提出了基于无人机摄影测量技术进行高精度烟草轮作种植情况的监测方法:首先基于两个时相的无人机遥感影像分别生成数字正射影像;然后通过人工解译获取两个时相的烟田空间分布图;最后利用地理信息系统空间分析功能对两个时相的烟田空间分布图进行处理获取烟草轮作信息。在山东省临沂市的两个乡镇开展了应用,取得了良好的示范效果,对农作物轮作监测有参考价值。     

History of faulting in the Northern Hastings Block,southern New England Orogen

Brittle failure is common in the Devonian to Permian rocks in the Northern Hastings Block (NHB) and is manifested by faults of different orientation and kinematic histories, but the timing of fault movement is not well defined. In this study, faults in the NHB were analysed with the map pattern of cross-cutting faults used to estimate the relative time of movement and relationship to other faults. We defined five episodes of faulting or fault reactivation that affected the NHB. The Yarras Fault System on the southwestern side of the NHB and the Parrabel Fault and related faults on the eastern side of the NHB are the two major fault systems responsible for transporting and rotating the NHB in the late Carboniferous. Faults on the eastern, northeastern and northern part of Parrabel Dome started and stopped moving after emplacement of the Hastings Block and before the intrusion of the Werrikimbe Triassic granitoids. We suggested that the movement on the major bounding faults is related to the accommodation of the NHB to the folding and cleavage development in the adjoining Nambucca Block, and is associated with the earliest part of the Hunter–Bowen Orogeny. Limited dextral movement on the extensions of the Taylors Arm Fault System caused minor displacements in the northeastern part of the NHB during the Late Triassic. Some small faults cut the Triassic granitoids or Triassic Lorne Basin sediments indicating tectonic activity continued post-Triassic.     

Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in a Closed-cell and Non-homogenous MBL Stratocumulus Cloud

A closed-cell marine stratocumulus case during the Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) aircraft field campaign is selected to examine the heterogeneities of cloud and drizzle microphysical properties and the aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. The spatial and vertical variabilities of cloud and drizzle microphysics are found in two different sets of flight legs: Leg-1 and Leg-2, which are parallel and perpendicular to the cloud propagation, respectively. The cloud along Leg-2 was close to adiabatic, where cloud-droplet effective radius and liquid water content linearly increase from cloud base to cloud top with less drizzle. The cloud along Leg-1 was sub-adiabatic with lower cloud-droplet number concentration and larger cloud-droplet effective, but higher drizzle droplet number concentration, larger drizzle droplet median diameter and drizzle liquid water content. The heavier drizzle frequency and intensity on Leg-1 were enhanced by the collision-coalescence processes within cloud due to strong turbulence. The sub-cloud precipitation rate on Leg-1 was significantly higher than that along Leg-2. As a result, the sub-cloud accumulation mode aerosols and CCN on Leg-1 were depleted, but the coarse model aerosols increased. This further leads to a counter-intuitive phenomenon that the CCN is less than cloud-droplet number concentration for Leg-1. The average CCN loss rates are ?3.89 \begin{document}$\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-3}\;{\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$\end{document} and ?0.77 \begin{document}$\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-3}\;{\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$\end{document} on Leg-1 and Leg-2, respectively. The cloud and drizzle heterogeneities inside the same stratocumulus can significantly alter the sub-cloud aerosols and CCN budget. Hence it should be treated with caution in the aircraft assessment of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions.     

非饱和黏土的冻胀融沉过程分析

通过非饱和黏土的冻胀融沉试验,分析了非饱和黏土在不同含水率（饱和度）和密度情况下冻胀融沉变化特征,探讨了非饱和状态下不同含水率对热传导的影响规律,重点研究了冻胀过程中冻结锋面的移动规律。在一定冻结条件下,冻结锋面移动速度与干密度和含水率有关,尤其是含水率对冻结锋面移动速度产生较大的影响。含水率越大,冻结锋面移动越快。根据该非饱和冻土的试验与分析,旨在为理论研究与工程应用提供参考。     

城区内涝淹没模拟算法

针对城区内涝淹没范围和水深模拟问题,该文提出了一种基于约束Delaunay不规则三角网与三棱柱的城区内涝淹没模拟算法。该算法以沿地面三角形的顶点垂直向上引垂线形成的三棱柱为计算单元,通过"等体积"的方法,建立时间序列切片下的淹没水深和积水量的关系,据此实现淹没范围和水深模拟。以北京师范大学(简称"北师大")主校区为例,对单汇水区的水面高程上升模拟结果与实际观测值进行对比,基本吻合;并与传统栅格DEM的淹没效果进行了对比,表明该算法正确有效。     

Nutrient maximums related to low oxygen concentrations in the southern Canada Basin

The phenomenon of nutrient maximums at 70～200 m occurred only in the region of the Canada Basin among the world oceans. The prevailing hypothesis was that the direct injection of the low-temperature high-nutrient brines from the Chukchi Sea shelf (＜50 m) in winter provided the nutrient maximums. However, we found that there are five problems in the direct injection process. Formerly Jin et al. considered that the formation of nutrient maximums can be a process of locally long-term regeneration. Here we propose a regeneration-mixture process. Data of temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrients were collected at three stations in the southern Canada Basin during the summer 1999 cruise. We identified the cores of the surface, near-surface, potential temperature maximum waters and Arctic Bottom Water by the diagrams and vertical profiles of salinity, potential temperature, oxygen and nutrients. The historical 129Ⅰ data indicated that the surface and near-surface waters were Pacific-origin, but the waters below the potential temperature maximum core depth was Atlantic-origin. Along with the correlation of nutrient maximums and very low oxygen contents in the near-surface water, we hypothesize that, the putative organic matter was decomposed to inorganic nutrients; and the Pacific water was mixed with the Atlantic water in the transition zone. The idea of the regeneration-mixture process agrees with the historical observations of no apparent seasonal changes, the smooth nutrient profiles, the lowest saturation of CaCO3 above 400 m, low rate of CFC-11 ventilation and 3H-3He ages of 8～18 a around the nutrient maximum depths.     

Advances in the Research of Impact of Decadal Solar Cycle on Modern Climate

Role of solar activity on modern climate change, particularly in the decadal scale is an important scientific issue. This paper reviews the recent observation of decadal solar signal in earth’s climate, with focus on the mechanism of solar radiation, ultraviolet radiation and cosmic rays on climate system ,and its validation. The paper points out that the assessment of uncertainty in observations, amplification process of the climate system, as well as possible future impact of solar extreme events are challenges in the present study. Finally, the keys of breakthrough are pointed, to provide a reference for future research.     

VIC模型汇流方案的改进

VIC模型作为具有物理基础的大尺度水文模型得到了广泛应用,然而其现行汇流方案无法用于场次洪水的模拟。本文采用单位线法和Maskingum-Cunge法对模型的汇流方案进行了改进。以时段气象数据驱动VIC模型进行产流计算,以所改进的汇流方案进行汇流演算,对西江南宁以上流域的场次洪水过程进行了模拟,结果表明,改进的汇流方案可以较好的模拟出口断面的洪水过程,并对洪水的空间演进过程具有一定的描述能力。     

大直径硬岩环状取芯钻具的试验研究

在分析了国内外大直径基岩孔钻进取芯方法的基础上,提出了一套低能耗、高效率、低造价的大直径硬岩环状取芯钻具,设计制作了样机,并进行了样机试验.试验结果表明:该设计方案、工艺可行,达到了预期设计目标,为大直径硬岩取芯施工提供了一种新的机具.     

不同预冻速率对猪主动脉冻干过程的影响

本实验将猪主动脉血管的冷冻干燥与微CT扫描结合,对不同的预冻速率下的猪主动脉血管及冻干各阶段进行非侵入地扫描,并利用软件得到的孔隙率与灰度值,比较出不同处理方法对血管造成的差异。其中,预冻过程降温速率为0.5℃·min^-1,1℃·min^-1,2℃·min^-1的血管冻干前后孔隙率的变化率分别为11.9%,16.6%,29.7%;平均灰度值的变化率分别为2.27%,3.64%,6.36%。同时,也对升华过程的界面移动进行了扫描,从血管组成结构的角度分析了造成界面移动变化的原因。