快速失水下5种喀斯特植物离体叶片叶绿素荧光的响应

文章设置饱水及随后失水处理自然生长的5种喀斯特植物叶片,测定其叶绿素荧光参数,分析各植物光合过程的响应特征。结果显示:盐肤木（Rhus chinensis）PSII反应中心活性及电子传递受严重失水影响,而其稳定的光能转化及光化学效率得益于叶绿素浓度的不断增加;构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）和金银花（Lonicera japonica）的叶绿素浓度逐渐升高随后趋于稳定,构树PSII反应中心对失水敏感,其活性及光能转化对随后持续失水逐渐适应。金银花光合结构及PSII反应中心表现稳定;火棘（Pyracantha fortuneana）叶绿素浓度从第4小时开始增加,光合结构趋于稳定,电子传递速率及光能转化逐渐增加;杨梅（Myrica rubra）电子传递速率及光化学效率均较低。      

喀斯特露石生境下构树和桑树的光合特征

以喀斯特适生植物构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）为研究对象,非喀斯特适生植物桑树（Morus alba）为对照,比较了不同的植物光合作用对露石生境的响应。与无露石生境相比,多露石生境土壤具有较高的水分含量和较多的有机质。分析植物光合作用的光响应曲线和二氧化碳响应曲线、叶绿素荧光参数以及叶片水势（LWP）和碳稳定同位素值（δ13C）的结果表明:不同生境下,两种植物的LWP及δ13C无显著变化;除了初始荧光参数外,同种植物的叶绿素荧光参数差异不显著;不同生境下,构树的呼吸速率和羧化效率无显著变化,而多露石生境土壤生长的桑树的呼吸速率和羧化效率明显要大于无露石生境土壤生长的;在水分亏缺下,构树以牺牲体内碳的方式来维持稳定的羧化效率,进而保持稳定的光合能力;构树比桑树对喀斯特环境有着较强的适应性。      

北极多年冻土区埋地输气管道周边温度场数值分析

以北极规划输气管道工程为依托,建立埋地管道与冻土热交换相互作用数值计算模型,探究了埋地管道在连续多年冻土区、非连续多年冻土区和季节冻土区内,按照不同操作温度(5、-1和-5℃)运行情况下管道周围冻土温度演化过程.计算结果表明:同一区域不同管温对冻土上限值影响差异较大,尤其是在非连续多年冻土区,无论管道是正温输送还是负温输送,由于管道的运营,极大地影响了冻土上限值.5℃正温管道将导致冻土上限下降1～3倍管径;-1℃和-5℃负温管道将有助于提高冻土人为上限.建议在连续多年冻土区管道采用-1℃输送温度;在非连续多年冻土区冬季采用-1℃输送温度,夏季可以是正温,接近环境大气温度,但全年输气平均温度要小于0℃;在季节冻土区,若按照负温输送,反而容易引起管基土冻胀,建议输气温度不作特别控制,与温带地区管道类似,正温输送.希望能够为北极多年冻土区天然气管道建设提供新的思路.     

新元古代微生物成锰作用——来自扬子北缘城口地区陡山沱组锰质叠层石的证据

叠层石菱锰矿被认为是生物成锰的证据,但少见相关报道.扬子北缘城口地区陡山沱组菱锰矿层中叠层石十分发育,但研究程度较低,其生长机制不明确,其是否是叠层石或者是附枝藻(Epiphyton)仍具有争议.从岩心描述与薄片观察出发,详细描述了研究区锰质叠层石的宏观和微观特征,根据其发育规模及形态特征将其划分为6种类型:微型分叉柱状叠层石、微型指状叠层石、指状叠层石、层状叠层石、柱状叠层石及层—柱状叠层石.研究表明,研究区柱状锰质叠层石直径一般小于l cm,具同步生长特征,与假裸枝叠层石(Pseudogymnosolenaceae)特征相似.研究区微小型、宏体型叠层石基本层常呈有立柱结构的板状,这种基本层由树形石及微型叠层石组成,而不是附枝藻.叠层石与核形石、鲕粒共生,形成于碳酸盐岩台地边缘礁滩及滩后泻湖环境.研究区锰质叠层石垂向演化从指状向层状演化为主,指示陡山沱组沉积末期水体逐渐变浅.锰质叠层石微观结构以凝块结构为主,具有丝状、球状和放射状等微生物岩显微结构.锰质叠层石记录了碳酸锰精美的原始沉积结构,暗示微生物参与了锰元素的沉积成矿作用.     

关键元素与生命健康:中国耕地缺硒吗?

地球上的生命和非生命都是由自然界已发现的92种化学元素组成的,通过全国土壤地球化学基准值与人体血液元素含量对比研究,发现血液中40~50种化学元素平均值与土壤地球化学基准值的分布高度一致,表明这些关键元素与生命息息相关。近年大家持续关注的硒(Se)元素是人体必需的微量元素,缺乏会产生健康风险,但摄入过量也会导致中毒,因此被称为健康窗口元素。过去研究认为,中国耕地缺硒是造成健康危害的原因之一。本文通过对全国3 382个网格化点位土壤采样,获得Se的地球化学基准值和空间分布数据,发现中国贫硒国土面积,按照世界卫生组织推荐值(0.1 mg/kg)和中国规范(0.125 mg/kg)计算,分别占21.1%和31.6%;适宜区(0.125~0.40 mg/kg)面积大约555万km²,占国土面积约57.1%;富硒区(>0.40 mg/kg)面积达110万km²,占国土面积约11.2%。贫硒国土主要分布在青藏高原和内蒙古局部地区,而中国9大平原的粮食主产区耕地总体上不缺硒,其中珠江三角洲平原、广西平原、成都平原、长江中下游平原是富硒区(>0.40 mg/kg),华北平原、东北平原、三江平原、关中平原是硒边缘区-适量区(0.125~0.40 mg/kg),只有河套平原是缺硒区(<0.125 mg/kg)。根据覆盖全国的网格化土壤采样分析结果,发现低硒带呈不连续的片状分布于内蒙古东部至青藏高原一带,与传统认为“低硒带分布于东北三省至西南云贵高原”不完全一致。硒的空间分布模式主要受地质背景、岩石类型、土壤类型和自然地理景观控制。     

安徽宣城地区矿床成矿模型的构建及找矿方向

通过系统梳理研究区31处矿床的勘查资料和科研资料,系统厘定了该区内生型矿床的矿床类型划分方案.在研究矿床的时空分布规律、成矿控制条件的基础上,对宣城地区区域成矿规律进行总结,首次构建了受燕山期构造-岩浆活动及沉积岩建造复合控制的矿床成矿模型.研究区内生矿床多与燕山中期形成的壳幔混源型中酸性高钾钙碱性侵入岩有关,次为燕山晚期形成的壳幔混源型钙碱性-碱性岩有关;矿体主要定位于侵入岩与石炭系—三叠系碳酸盐岩地层的接触带附近,受中生代断陷盆地内的基底隆起带控制.根据研究区成矿规律研究成果,明确了今后找矿工作的有利地段,为宣城地区矿产资源规划的编制和已知矿床深部及外围的矿产资源调查,提供了科学依据.     

安徽淮北徐楼铁矿地质地球物理特征

通过对安徽淮北徐楼铁矿的地质地球物理特征分析,总结发现低视电阻率异常区、重力梯度带、高地磁异常与铁矿赋存区域对应良好.该矿区地球物理特征明显,矿体产于奥陶系下统萧县组(少量马家沟组)碳酸盐岩(大理岩)与强烈钠化的闪长(玢)岩的接触带,特别是在分叉入侵的岩枝与萧县组钙镁质碳酸盐岩接触带极易成矿,对发现该类型矿床具有一定的参考意义.     

利用地面LiDAR精细化测量活断层微地貌形态——以毛垭坝断裂禾尼处断层崖为例

受地壳内部持续运动和沉积、风化等自然动力及人类生产与生活活动影响,活断层微地貌形态往往比较复杂,传统测量方法较难快速、高效地获取大范围内精细化的活断层微地貌形态,激光雷达扫描技术的出现和发展为活断层微地貌的精细化与定量化研究提供了新的技术手段。以川西理塘毛垭坝盆地北缘的正断层崖为研究对象,利用地面LiDAR获取活断层微地貌高精度点云后,经过点云配准、滤波、重采样和三角构网处理后,建立了0.05 m分辨率的数字高程模型和真彩色三维模型,在此基础上分析了断层崖地貌特征,并获取了正断层错动两期最新地貌面的精确垂直位错量。研究结果表明,地面LiDAR技术是精细测量活断层微地貌形态和量化相关地貌特征参数的有效手段,提高了活断层微地貌形态测量的精度和认识水平。     

Integration of zircon and apatite U–Pb geochronology and geochemical mapping of the Wude basalts(Emeishan large igneous province):A tool for a better understanding of the tectonothermal and geodynamic evolution of the Emeishan LIP

Radiogenic isotopic dating and Lu–Hf isotopic composition using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)of the Wude basalt in Yunnan province from the Emeishan large igneous province(ELIP)yielded timing of formation and post-eruption tectonothermal event.Holistic lithogeochemistry and elements mapping of basaltic rocks were further reevaluated to provide insights into crustal contamination and formation of the ELIP.A zircon U–Pb age of 251.3±2.0 Ma of the Wude basalt recorded the youngest volcanic eruption event and was consistent with the age span of 251-263 Ma for the emplacement of the ELIP.Such zircons hadε_Hf(t)values ranging from7.3 to+2.2,identical to those of magmatic zircons from the intrusive rocks of the ELIP,suggesting that crust-mantle interaction occurred during magmatic emplacement,or crust-mantle mixing existed in the deep source region prior to deep melting.The apatite U–Pb age at 53.6±3.4 Ma recorded an early Eocene magmatic superimposition of a regional tectonothermal event,corresponding to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision.Negative Nb,Ta,Ti and P anomalies of the Emeishan basalt may reflect crustal contamination.The uneven Nb/La and Th/Ta values distribution throughout the ELIP supported a mantle plume model origin.Therefore,the ELIP was formed as a result of a mantle plume which was later superimposed by a regional tectonothermal event attributed to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision during early Eocene.     

Landslide susceptibility zonation method based on C5.0 decision tree and K-means cluster algorithms to improve the efficiency of risk management

Machine learning algorithms are an important measure with which to perform landslide susceptibility assessments,but most studies use GIS-based classification methods to conduct susceptibility zonation.This study presents a machine learning approach based on the C5.0 decision tree(DT)model and the K-means cluster algorithm to produce a regional landslide susceptibility map.Yanchang County,a typical landslide-prone area located in northwestern China,was taken as the area of interest to introduce the proposed application procedure.A landslide inventory containing 82 landslides was prepared and subse-quently randomly partitioned into two subsets:training data(70％landslide pixels)and validation data(30％landslide pixels).Fourteen landslide influencing factors were considered in the input dataset and were used to calculate the landslide occurrence probability based on the C5.0 decision tree model.Susceptibility zonation was implemented according to the cut-off values calculated by the K-means clus-ter algorithm.The validation results of the model performance analysis showed that the AUC(area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve)of the proposed model was the highest,reaching 0.88,compared with traditional models(support vector machine(SVM)=0.85,Bayesian network(BN)=0.81,frequency ratio(FR)=0.75,weight of evidence(WOE)=0.76).The landslide frequency ratio and fre-quency density of the high susceptibility zones were 6.76/km2 and 0.88/km2,respectively,which were much higher than those of the low susceptibility zones.The top 20％interval of landslide occurrence probability contained 89％of the historical landslides but only accounted for 10.3％of the total area.Our results indicate that the distribution of high susceptibility zones was more focused without contain-ing more"stable"pixels.Therefore,the obtained susceptibility map is suitable for application to landslide risk management practices.