Uptake and distribution of N, P and heavy metals in three dominant salt marsh macrophytes from Yangtze River estuary, China

We examined the variation in aboveground biomass accumulation and tissue concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in Phragmites australis (common reed), Spartina alterniflora (salt cordgrass), and Scirpus mariqueter throughout the growing season (April-October 2005), in order to determine the differences in net element accumulation and distribution between the three salt marsh macrophytes in the Yangtze River estuary, China. The aboveground biomass was significantly greater in the plots of S. alterniflora than in the plots of P. australis and S. mariqueter throughout the growing season (P<0.05). In August, the peak aboveground biomass was 1246+/-89 gDW/m(2), 2759+/-250 gDW/m(2) and 548+/-54 gDW/m(2) for P. australis, S. alterniflora and S. mariqueter, respectively. The concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals in plant tissues showed similar seasonal patterns. There was a steady decline in element concentrations of the aboveground tissues from April to October. Relative element concentrations in aboveground tissues were at a peak during the spring sampling intervals with minimum levels during the fall. But the concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the belowground tissues were relatively constant throughout growing season. Generally, trace metal concentrations in the aboveground tissues of S. mariqueter was the highest throughout the growing season, and the metal concentrations of S. alterniflora tissues (aboveground and belowground) were greater than those of P. australis. Furthermore, the aboveground pools of nutrients and metals were consistently greater for S. alterniflora than for P. australis and S. mariqueter, which suggested that the rapid replacement of native P. australis and S. mariqueter with invasive S. alterniflora would significantly improve the magnitude of nutrient cycling and bioavailability of trace metals in the salt marsh and maybe transport more toxic metals into the water column and the detrital food web in the estuary.     

The detection of acetaldehyde in cold dust clouds

Observations of the 1(01) --> 0(00) rotational transitions of A and E state acetaldehyde are reported. The transitions were detected, for the first time in interstellar space, in the cold dust clouds TMC-1 and L134N, and in Sgr B2. This is also the first time acetaldehyde has been found in a dust cloud and is the most complex oxygen-bearing molecule yet known in this environment. We find a column density of 6 x 10(12) cm-2 in TMC-1, comparable to many other species detected there, and an approximately equal column density in L134N. In the direction of Sgr B2, the CH3CHO profile appears to consist of broad emission features from the hot molecular cloud core, together with absorption features resulting from intervening colder material. We also report the possible detection of HC9N toward IRC +10 degrees 216 through its J = 33 --> 32 transition. Implications for cold dust cloud chemistry and excitation are discussed.     

Interstellar SiO as a tracer of high-temperature chemistry

The J = 2-1 transition of SiO has been searched for toward both hot and cold molecular gas. SiO was not detected toward the dark clouds TMC-1, L134 N, and B335, down to column density upper limits of N < 2-4 x 10(10) cm-2. The species, however, has been observed toward all sources with a kinetic temperature greater than or equal to 30 K, with the largest column densities (N approximately 10(13)-10(17) cm-2) measured in the warmest (TK > or = 100 K) material. The abundance of SiO, relative to HCN, is found to be approximately 0.1-1 in the massive star-forming regions toward Orion and NGC 7538; toward the dark clouds, the upper limits to this ratio is less than 0.0002-0.004. A similar enhancement in the warmer regions is reflected in the SiO/H2 ratio as well. A linear relation was found between the natural log of the SiO concentration and 1/TK, suggesting that the species' formation involves a chemically specific process that contains an activation barrier of approximately 90 K. SiO was also found to be underabundant with respect to SO in cold clouds, with SiO/SO < 1/1000, versus SiO/SO > or =, measured in Orion-KL. The formation of SiO is therefore linked closely to the local gas kinetic temperature, rather than the oxygen abundance, and its synthesis is likely to involve high-temperature gas-phase reactions. The species thus may serve as an unambiguous indicator of high-temperature or "shock" chemistry.     

海水中硒标准物质的研制

本文介绍了海水中硒标准物质的研制过程，其中包括溶液的配制、均匀性和稳定性检验以及标样的分析方法。并对标准物质的定值数据进行统计处理，海水中硒两种浓度的定值结果分别为１．００±０．０５μｇ／ｃｍ３和２０．０±１．２μｇ／ｄｍ３。稳定期均为一年。     

低盐度海水中重金属标准物质研制

本文介绍了低盐度海水中5种重金属元素混合溶液标准物质的研究和制备过程。以稀释的大洋海水为基体,用容量法以加标方式制备了低盐度海水中重金属标准物质。各元素统计结果表明样品的均匀性和稳定性良好。经9家具有中国计量认定(CMA)资质的实验室分别采用原子吸收分光光度法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法和阳极溶出伏安法对标准溶液进行分析定值,并用国家标准物质作量值溯源,以分析结果的总平均值作为标准值,标准值及不确定度的结果分别为铜15.2±0.7 μg/L、铅15.3±0.7 μg/L、锌98.9±4.7 μg/L、镉2.02±0.10 μg/L以及铬15.3±0.6 μg/L。该标准物质可用于近岸、河口区低盐度海水重金属分析过程的量值传递和质量控制。     

山东莱州仓上泻湖沉积地球化学特征与沉积相判别

本文通过对山东莱州仓上泻湖Y86孔柱状样的系统取样，利用X荧光光谱分析了沉积物中的主要元素含量，结合已有的粒度分析、微体古生物及孢粉结果相分析对比，对泻湖沉积相进行地球化学判别，结果表明：铝、铁、锰、钛等元素主要富集在粘土沉积物中；钙、镁受气候影响较大；锰、磷等受生物影响明显。     

热带扰动向热带气旋的转化研究

热带扰动向热带气旋的转化研究Ｗ·Ｍ·Ｇｒａｙ１引言下面关于热带气旋发生的讨论是根据作者和他的研究生及同事们在最近十年观测资料所作的大量研究基础上所得到的结果。在飓风形成过程中，从一个仅仅具有易于加深和结构化的气旋性流场的热带扰动，怎样能形成为一个延伸...     

近岸表层海水中溶解态铅的研究

采用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)对1999年10月采自浙江省三门湾健跳港表层海水中溶解态铅的形态进行了分析,结果表明:海水中游离态铅的浓度为2.2 nmol/dm3,有机配位态则可分为两类,即PbL1和PbL2;两类有机配位体条件稳定常数的对数(logKpcobnLd1,pb2 和logKpcobnLd2,pb2 )分别为8.4和9.1;两类有机配位体浓度(L1和L2)分别为37.4 nmol/dm3和52.7 nmol/dm3,将上述结果与以往三门湾海区研究中海洋生物急性毒性试验结果和不同介质中铅含量进行对比可知,浙江三门湾健跳港海区表层海水中溶解态铅浓度对海洋生物是安全的,但个别底栖生物物种中较高的铅含量已影响到人类的食用安全。     

Organochlorine pesticide and trace metal monitoring of Russian rivers flowing to the Arctic Ocean: 1990-1996

Information is presented on the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (HCHs and DDT residues) and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni) in waters of 15 large Russian rivers flowing to the Arctic Ocean during 1990-1996. Estimates of the corresponding annual fluxes are made. Other contaminants (Hg, Pb, Cr, Mn, beta-HCH and dihydroheptachlor) were examined briefly. Concentration data are presented as averaged annual means for each of the seven years with the ranges, standard deviations and numbers of samples. Also given are data on locations, the methods of analysis and limited quality assurance data. Data on discharges to the Northern Seas for the more frequently monitored contaminants are given for rivers accounting for >70% of the total northerly flows. Scaled-up fluxes to account for unmonitored rivers as well are given for each sea; totals over the period were: Fe, 1452; Cu, 15; Zn, 59 (x 10(3) t yr(-1)); alpha-HCH, 25; gamma-HCH, 44 (t yr(-1)). Ni was monitored at too few rivers to estimate its total Russian flux. The fluxes for the HCHs considerably exceed previous estimates and indicate that the Arctic Ocean is not in balance as much as was previously believed.