Impacts of Multi-Scale Solar Activity on Climate. Part I: Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Climate Extremes

The impacts of solar activity on climate are explored in this two-part study.Based on the principles of atmospheric dynamics,Part I propose an amplifying mechanism of solar impacts on winter climate extremes through changing the atmospheric circulation patterns.This mechanism is supported by data analysis of the sunspot number up to the predicted Solar Cycle 24,the historical surface temperature data,and atmospheric variables of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis up to the February 2011 for the Northern Hemisphere winters.For low solar activity,the thermal contrast between the low-and high-latitudes is enhanced,so as the mid-latitude baroclinic ultra-long wave activity.The land-ocean thermal contrast is also enhanced,which amplifies the topographic waves.The enhanced mid-latitude waves in turn enhance the meridional heat transport from the low to high latitudes,making the atmospheric "heat engine" more efficient than normal.The jets shift southward and the polar vortex is weakened.The Northern Annular Mode(NAM) index tends to be negative.The mid-latitude surface exhibits large-scale convergence and updrafts,which favor extreme weather/climate events to occur.The thermally driven Siberian high is enhanced,which enhances the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM).For high solar activity,the mid-latitude circulation patterns are less wavy with less meridional transport.The NAM tends to be positive,and the Siberian high and the EAWM tend to be weaker than normal.Thus the extreme weather/climate events for high solar activity occur in different regions with different severity from those for low solar activity.The solar influence on the midto high-latitude surface temperature and circulations can stand out after removing the influence from the El Nin o-Southern Oscillation.The atmospheric amplifying mechanism indicates that the solar impacts on climate should not be simply estimated by the magnitude of the change in the solar radiation over solar cycles when it is compared with other external radiative forcings that do not influence the climate in the same way as the sun does.     

Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes of Waters in the Ordos Basin,China: Implications for Recharge of Groundwater in the North of Cretaceous Groundwater Basin

Hundreds of precipitation samples collected from meteorological stations in the Ordos Basin from January 1988 to December 2005 were used to set up a local meteoric water line and to calculate weighted average isotopic compositions of modern precipitation. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, with averages of ?7.8‰ and ?53.0‰ for δ18O and δD, respectively, are depleted in winter and rich in spring, and gradually decrease in summer and fall, illustrating that the seasonal effect is considerable. They also show that the isotopic difference between south portion and north portion of the Ordos Basin are not obvious, and the isotope in the middle portion is normally depleted. The isotope compositions of 32 samples collected from shallow groundwater (less than a depth of 150 m) in desert plateau range from ?10.6‰ to ?6.0‰ with an average of ?8.4‰ for δ18O and from ?85‰ to ?46‰ with an average of ?63‰ for δD. Most of them are identical with modern precipitation. The isotope compositions of 22 middle and deep groundwaters (greater than a depth of 275 m) fall in ranges from ?11.6‰ to ?8.8‰ with an average of ?10.2‰ for δ18O and from ?89‰ to ?63‰ with an average of ?76‰ for δD. The average values are significantly less than those of modern precipitation, illustrating that the middle and deep groundwaters were recharged at comparatively lower air temperatures. Primary analysis of 14C shows that the recharge of the middle and deep groundwaters started at late Pleistocene. The isotopes of 13 lake water samples collected from eight lakes define a local evaporation trend, with a relatively flat slope of 3.77, and show that the lake waters were mainly fed by modern precipitation and shallow groundwater.     

多通道地基微波辐射计在0713号"韦帕"台风登陆前后探测性能及特征分析

利用上海市气象局2007年9月进行的"韦帕"台风探测试验资料和地面常规观测资料,对多通道地基微波辐射计在0713号"韦帕"台风登陆前后探测性能及特征进行了分析。结果表明:多通道地基微波辐射计探测的温度和相对湿度趋势与GPS探空得到的基本一致,尽管二者之间存在一些小的差异,但也表明了微波辐射计对台风具有一定的探测能力。0713号"韦帕"台风登陆前后温度和水汽密度场上,甚短生命史的冷暖气柱和高水汽密度柱十分活跃,体现了"韦帕"台风登陆前后的阵性特征。     

满洲里小尖山火山塌陷盆地铀成矿条件分析

小尖山火山塌陷盆地位于得尔布干多金属成矿带中南段的八大关-新巴尔虎右旗多金属成矿带上,与俄罗斯斯特列措夫铀矿田、蒙古多尔诺特铀矿田有着相似的地质背景。通过对盆地基底、盖层、铀含量、断裂、蚀变、矿化显示等几个方面的调查研究,认为该盆地具备“近带靠边、伴盆独立、酸底凸凹、杂盖多面、主断切壳、蚀变叠加、矿化显示”等铀成矿的有利特征,提出小尖山火山塌陷盆地是寻找火山岩型铀矿床的有利远景盆地。     

数字化流域及流域信息提取方法研究

介绍了基于数字高程模型(DEM)的流域信息提取方法,包括:DEM预处理,流向及集水面积的确定,水系的生成及子流域的划分方法以及流域面积、长度、坡度、坡向等信息的提取.并将这些方法应用于安徽境内的呈村流域,进行了实例验证,构建了数字化流域.     

浙西常山地区富硒土壤特征及成因分析

通过浙西常山地区表层土壤的调查研究,发现大面积富硒土壤,总结了该地区表层土壤硒含量分布特征。研究区内表层土壤硒含量均值为0.44×10^-6;不同土壤类型硒含量差异较大,其中石灰(岩)土土类硒含量最高,平均值为0.58×10^-6;不同母质条件形成的土壤硒含量差异较明显,全新世洪冲积物形成的土壤硒含量最高,平均值为0.59×10^-6。概率累积曲线表明,常山地区外源输入组分对土壤硒的影响小。土壤硒含量与V、Mo、Ni、Cr、S、Cu、Cd等含量呈显著正相关性(P<0.01),与有机质关系密切(r=0.35),而与土壤pH相关性不明显。西阳山组泥灰岩、荷塘组炭质页岩、硅质岩及宁国组炭质页岩等岩石硒含量较高。土壤硒继承了岩石硒,硒含量高的岩石分布面积广是形成富硒土壤的重要原因。     

土工布加筋垫层对路基变形和稳定的影响

某高速公路高填方路堤下的深厚软基，采用以塑料板排水为主，配合机织土工布加筋砂垫层进行了软基处理，在对有加筋砂势层和无加筋砂势层的软基变形性状进行比较的基础上，评价了加筋砂垫层的作用及效果，还通过计算，分析了机织土工布的预 应变对路基稳定性的影响，从而说明施工加筋砂垫层时，对加筋材料旗加预应变的重要性。     

发电厂球磨机旋转轴线的检测方法与数据分析

介绍了一种精确检测球磨机运转轴线的方法，通过对检测数据进行分析表明：该方法具有较高的精度。     

自然河流中污染物排放的一种远区计算模型

建立了一个适合于自然河流中污染物排放的远区二维深度平均计算模型,此模型采用了自然河流中的大尺度湍流模拟理论,在离散过程中采用了上风格式及Peaceman-Rachford交替格式和Douglas交替格式,并应用于国内多条大、中、小型河流的污染物排放计算中,取得了广泛的成功。     

可公度性

可公度性是周期性的扩张。从数据中的可公度性可抽提出并非偶然的信号。以增加错认（或虚惊）概率为代价,可以在很宽频谱范围内分辨微弱的信号。文中提出属于不同领域的实例。其中一例估计了中微子质量。