链式海底地震仪节点结构设计与试验

海底地震仪是一种重要的海洋地震观测设备。针对中国近岸浅海洋流噪声大和人类活动频繁的特点,提出链式地震观测方式并对链式海底地震仪节点进行机械结构设计。首先根据内部构件尺寸与布局对地震仪节点整体结构进行设计;然后通过理论计算与有限元仿真方式确定地震仪节点仓体的壳体厚度、端盖厚度和密封尺寸;最后通过压力试验验证所设计的地震仪节点结构的耐压和水密性能符合要求,通过地震观测对比试验验证其接收天然地震的能力。此链式海底地震仪未来将应用于浙江近海的实际地震观测,提供实时连续的地震观测数据。     

空间治理的社区实践与正当性建构——以浙江省永嘉县芙蓉村传统村落保护为例

空间治理是一个复杂的政治过程。以浙江省永嘉县芙蓉村的传统村落保护为例,通过叙事研究展示了地方特性对空间治理实践的影响,探讨了空间治理正当性建构的困难及可能的解决思路。研究认为：① 空间治理的宏观意义与被治理社区地方性知识之间的冲突可能引发政策和行政的正当性危机。② 不同政策措施对于正当性的建构有不同作用,对抗性措施必然引发正当性危机,调和性措施往往难以有效建立正当性,共赢性措施是最佳之选,但其对于正当性的调节效果受限于外部条件,各种政策措施在地方特性的影响下均面临失效风险。③ 空间治理正当性的建立首先需要正确把握地方性政治互动方式,理解正当性在地方特性作用下得以建立或趋于消解的原因,在此基础上根据情境适当调用对抗性政策措施、调和性政策措施和共赢性政策措施,从而建立良好的意义沟通和平等协商机制,使正当性得以长久维系。     

C-RESPONSES ESTIMATION OF ISOMERIC GEOMAGNETIC DATA IN CHINA

Geomagnetic depth sounding is an effective method for exploring deep structure of the earth. There are dense geomagnetic observatories in China, which lays a foundation to obtain the electrical structure of the transition zone and the upper part of the lower mantle beneath China. However, the corresponding C-responses estimation methods which are applied now cannot get the stable C-responses for many observatories. Thus, a large amount of geomagnetic data is wasted. Therefore, in order to make full use of the geomagnetic data, the estimation of C-responses needs to be systematically studied. Because of the heterogeneous characteristics of the data quality of China's geomagnetic observation data, such as the quality of the data, the length of the record, the types of data(absolute and relative observation)and data discontinuity condition, many geomagnetic data are abandoned, this limits the resolution of mantle electrical structure studies. In this paper, the following techniques are used to improve the stability of the data and increase the number of the available geomagnetic observatories, in the meantime, the stability of the C-responses curves can be effectively improved:1)obtaining the stable spectrums of the different components for each frequency by the BIRRP(Bounded Influence, Remote Reference Processing)software, and using the global smoothing technique to suppress data noise on geomagnetic data; 2)As for the geomagnetic data which only records the relative variation of the D, H and Z components and doesn't have the baseline value, the horizontal component is decomposed by the approximate estimation method to obtain the C-responses of the relative variation data, and then the relative variation data is used directly for the C-responses estimation; 3)the effects of discontinuous data and short-record data on C-responses estimation are discussed. Under normal conditions, the discontinuity of the data has little influence on C-responses, and when the data length is shorter than 5 years, we can hardly get the available C-responses whose periods are longer than 40 days. All these experiments can provide a basis for the data processing of these kinds of observation data; 4)for coastal observatories, the ratio method is used to eliminate the influence of ocean effect on the C-responses functions. After carefully processing the data of more than 100 geomagnetic observatories in China by the above techniques, the stable C-responses function of 42 observatories is finally obtained, among them, the number of the observatories with C-responses ranging from 1.3 to 113.7 days is 24, and the observatories with C-responses ranging from 1.3 to 42.6 days are 18. The techniques of this paper can process heterogeneous data well and obtain more stable C-responses, which provides more basic data for high-resolution geomagnetic depth sounding inversion researches in China.     

北美洲干旱灾害应对策略及其对中国的启示

在全球气候变化背景下,各地极端气候事件有上升趋势。其中以洪涝和干旱灾害对人类生活的影响最大、最频繁。在长期应对干旱灾害的经历中,北美洲各国逐渐形成了较为完善的干旱灾害应对模式,通过立法、风险管理、制定干旱计划、工程措施与非工程措施相结合等多种手段降低干旱灾害带来的损失。通过文献查阅与综述方法,结合北美洲国家相关网站介绍...     

FINE ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE BENEATH THE EPICENTER OF 1668 TANCHENG MS8.5 EARTHQUAKE REVEALED BY MT SOUNDING

In order to understand the mechanism of the 1668 M_S8.5 earthquake occurred in Tancheng, it is important to probe the fine deep geological structure beneath the epicenter. A MT profile 20km south of the epicenter has been deployed. There are 17 sites along the profile, with a 3km average separation. Signals in Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy were measured in a cross manner, with x-axis orientated to the north. Record length for each site was at least 20h. The impedance and phase at sites in high cultural noisy environment were estimated by remote reference technique. As the Tanlu Fault Zone(TLFZ)is in NNE, nearly northerly, thus YX mode was considered as TM mode. Gauss-Newton inversion was done in 2-D mode with only the TM impedance and phase as input data. The electrical sections of 10km and 40km depth were respectively obtained after 8 iterations. The both initial models were created by Bostic approximation. The sections reveal the following features. The TLFZ consists of five faults, from east to west numbered as F₀ to F₄. F₁ is the primary fault, steeply dipping west down to mantle, which has turned into a buried one overthrust by the east dipping Fault F₀. F₂ and F₃ dip east at 45 degrees, parallel to F₄, truncated by F₁ at depth. F₄ dips east in the shallow subsurface and gradually dips to west toward depth through the entire crust merging with F₁ to form a bigger one. These four faults constitute a flower-shaped structure, showing the nature of strike-slip of the TLFZ, associated with normal faulting in the late Yanshanian to early Himalayan. F₁ dips west, overthrust by east-dipping F₀, implying the compression from the westward subduction of the Pacific plate, thus present-day compression is superposed on the early tensile and strike-slip feature. Based on MT data, it is inferred that the 1668 Tancheng M8.5 earthquake occurred at the junction of F₁ and F₃ about 15km deep. Thus it was likely resulted from westward compression of the Pacific plate, leading to thrust of the Sulu uplift along F₀, inducing activity of F₁ at depth, reactivated F₃, and adjusting the stress distribution in the region.     

大型浅水湖泊藻类模型参数敏感性分析

选取太湖作为典型湖泊在之前研究基础上建立藻类模型,对模型中与藻类有关的40个参数进行拉丁超立方抽样,并使用区域敏感性分析方法和普适似然不确定性分析方法进行敏感性分析.结果表明:在所选的40个参数中,有7个参数是敏感的参数,对模拟的结果影响较大.在藻类生长、基础代谢、牧食和沉降4个藻类变化过程中藻类生长的敏感参数最多,影响最大;在藻类生长项中,叶绿素的消光系数是藻类生长光照限制中的最敏感参数,而最低适宜生长温度及其对藻类生长的影响系数则是温度限制中的敏感参数;并且不同湖区的不确定性在不同时间差异明显,对于藻类低浓度湖区和藻类暴发期的模拟需要加以关注.     

Composition and Origin of Shallow Biogenetic Gases in the Baise Basin, South China

Based on the analytical data of over 30 gas samples, combined with geochemical and geological backgrounds, the composition and distribution characteristics of shallow biogenetic gases in the Baise Basin, a Tertiary residual basin in southern China, were extensively investigated, and the origin and formation mechanism tentatively approached. The shallow gases are primarily composed of gaseous hydrocarbons, generally accounting for over 90%. The abundances of methane and C2＋ homologues show a relatively wide range of variation, mainly 50%-100% and 0%-50%, respectively, depending on the mixing proportions between biogenetic and thermogenic gases. A highly negative carbon isotope is the significant signature for the shallow gases with δ^13C1 values of -55‰ to -75‰. According to molecular and isotopic compositions and light hydrocarbon parameters, the shallow gases in the basin can be classified into three types of origins： biogenetic gas, biogenetic/thermogenic mixed gas, and oii-biodegraded gas. They exhibit regular distribution both spatially and temporally, and are believed to be associated with the maturity of adjoining gas source rocks and biodegraded oil accumulation. The Baigang and Nadu source rocks can be considered to have experienced early and late gas generation during early burial and after basin uplift respectively. A late accumulation mechanism of multiple gas sources is put forward for the formation of the shallow gas reservoirs, which is responsible for the variations in chemical and isotopic composition of the gases in depth profile.     

矿渣粉加固粉土的理论分析及路用性能研究

提出了矿渣粉加固粉土的相关理论。将矿渣粉在加固土中的作用归结为火山灰胶凝效应和微集料填充效应,而火山灰胶凝效应又可进一步归结为水化作用、激发作用和离子交换作用;认为微集料填充效应与矿渣粉细度极为相关;用框图归纳了矿渣粉加固土的两种作用效应。进行了矿渣粉、石灰粉加固土无侧限饱水抗压强度、水稳定性、冻稳定性、温度收缩和干燥收缩等路用性能试验,并进行比较。结果表明,矿渣粉加固土所测路用性能指标优于石灰粉加固土。为工程应用提供了试验依据。     

页岩气地质调查井浙桐地1井钻探施工技术

浙桐地1井是部署在浙江省桐庐县百江镇境内的一口页岩气地质调查井。该井旨在通过钻取地层岩心及测录井等工作方法探索下扬子地区页岩气新层系奥陶系胡乐组、宁国组泥页岩含气性。文章详细介绍了该井基本情况、钻探施工工艺以及孔斜超标处理方法。在孔深140 m时孔斜严重超标达9.3°,水泥封孔重钻。项目组通过钻压、转速、泵量等钻进参数优化组合并采用底喷同心圆尖齿组合型钻头,克服了地层强造斜性引起的易井斜问题,完钻后测得最大井斜5.5°,符合设计要求。     

粗粒料级配缩尺后最大干密度试验研究

对某级配粗粒料,采用剔除法、等量替代法、相似级配法和混合法等4种不同缩尺方法,依据规范要求进行缩尺。缩尺后替代级配料的最大颗粒粒径分别为20、40、60 mm。对各替代级配料采用振动台法进行了最大干密度试验,基于试验成果,结合分形理论,提出了一种将最大干密度与级配及细粒含量之间关系归一化的方法,并拟合了最大干密度与试验前级配的分形维数、小于5 mm颗粒的含量及最大粒径之间的关系,据此可推求出原型级配料的最大干密度,探讨了缩尺方法对替代料试验前后粒径分布曲线变化幅度的影响,总结出颗粒破碎分形维数与试验前级配的分形维数、小于5 mm颗粒含量及最大粒径之间的关系式,据此可推求出填筑后原型级配料的颗粒破碎分形维数。