ESR dating of saline sediments using NaHCO3 and NaCl

Age estimates of NaCl and NaHCO₃ in the sediments at Searles Lake, California have been obtained using electron spin resonance (ESR). ESR signals are identified as H⁺Ca²⁺---CO₃³⁻ or H⁺---CO₂⁻ electron type and hole CO₃⁻ type centres, stabilized by impurities in NaHCO₃ and in NaCl. The total dose of natural radiation (TD) and the tentative ESR ages were determined using these signals based on U, Th and K analyses assuming uranium series disequilibrium for a simple infinite medium. Although ESR ages are concordant with the stratigraphy, radiation assessment considering the loss and incorporation of radioactive elements must be made to get reliable absolute ages.     

Platinum-group minerals in the chromitites from the Great Serpentinite Belt,NSW, Australia

Summary Occurrences of platinum-group minerals (PGM) from chromitites of the Great Serpentinite Belt of New South Wales are reported for the first time in this study. On the basis of their major components, these minerals are classified into various groups, including sulphides, sulpharsenides, arsenides, antimonides, amalgams, and alloys of Os-Ir-Ru-(Fe Ni), Pd Cu Sn, Ni-Fe-Pt-Pd, Pd-Pb-Cu, and Rh-Sn-Cu. They are present: (i) as inclusions within chromite, (ii) in interstitial silicates, (iii) in ferritchromite and (iv) along fractures in chromite. Ir-subgroup (Ir, Os, Ru) minerals (IPGM) dominate podiform chromitites hosted by upper mantle serpentinised harzburgite, whereas Pdsubgroup (Pd, Pt, Rh) minerals (PPGM) characterise banded chromitites in cumulates of the overlying magmatic series. A highly brecciated podiform chromitite, however, is distinguished by abundant disseminated PPGM containing Sb ± Cu. Primary magmatic PGM in podiform chromitite comprise IPGM sulphides, sulpharsenides, and alloys, whereas hydrothermal PGM are characterised by PPGM alloys with Hg, Sb, and Cu. Dominantly hydrothermal PGM in the banded chromitites formed by remobilisation of primary magmatic PGM during serpentinisation. The contrast in PGM association is related to the crystallisation of the host chromitites; IPGM crystallised early from the parental magma along with podiform chromitite, but PPGM formed later at lower temperatures during crystallisation of banded chromitite.[

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Platingruppen-Minerale in den Chromititen aus dem Great Serpentinite Belt, NSW, Australien

Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie wird zum ersten Mal über das Vorkommen von PlatingruppenMineralen (PGM) in Chromititen der Great Serpentinite Belt berichtet. Die auftretenden Mineralphasen umfassen Sulfide, Sulfarsenide, Arsenide, Antimonide, Amalgam und Legierungen von Os-Ir-(Fe-Ni), Pd-Cu-Sn, Ni-Fe-Pt-Pd, Pd-Pb-Cu and Rh-Sn-Cu. Sie treten als i) Einschlüsse im Chromit, ii) in Silikaten der Grundmasse, iii) Im Ferritchromit und iv) in Frakturen des Chromit auf. Mineralphasen der Ir-Untergruppe (IPGM = Ir, Os, Ru) dominieren in podiformen Chromititen, die in serpentinisierten Harzburgiten des oberen Mantels auftreten. Minerale der Pd-Untergruppe (PPGM = Pd, Pt, Rh) charakterisieren gebänderte Chromitite, die innerhalb der über der Mantelsequenz liegenden Kumulatabfolge vorkommen. Ein deutlich brekzierter podiformer Chromitit unterscheidet sich von den übrigen podiformen Chromititen durch häufiges Auftreten von disseminierten PPGM, die auch Sb ± Cu führen. Primär magmatisch gebildete PGM in podiformen Chromititen umfassen IPGM in Form von Sulfide, Sulfarsenide und Legierungen, während PPGM als Legierungen mit Hg, Sb und Cu hydrothermale Phasen darstellen. Die hydrothermalen PGM in den gebänderten Chromititen wurden überwiegend durch Remobilisation aus primär magmatischen PGM während der Serpentinisierung gebildet. Der markante Unterschied in den während der Serpentinisierung gebildet. Der markante nterschied in den PGM-Assoziationen steht mit der Kristallisation des jeweiligen Chromitit in Verbindung: Während IPGM früh aus dem Magma zusammen mit den podiformen Chromititen kristallisierten, wurden PPGM später unter niedrigeren Temperaturen während der Kristallisation der gebänderten Chromitite gebildet.[

     

自主导航在中国的发展和技术实现

介绍了自主导航产品的历史、现状和未来的发展方向，从民用产品开发的角度，讨论了自主导航产品的技术开发、产品定义、市场定位等问题。     

Relation between circular polarization of moving type IV bursts and polarity of photospheric magnetic fields

Two-dimensional, high-resolution observations of about 30 moving type IV bursts allow us to compare the polarization structure of the radio sources high in the corona with the distribution of magnetic fields measured at the photospheric level. Left- and right-handed circularly polarized moving type IV bursts are associated with active regions dominated by magnetic fields of plus and minus polarity respectively. The result suggests that the polarity of magnetic fields within the type IV source which moves high in the corona ( 1R above the photosphere) is closely related to the polarity of local magnetic fields at the photosphere. The above relation between the sense of polarization and the polarity of magnetic field is contrary to what would be expected from the generally accepted synchroton hypothesis. One way of resolving this conflict is to postulate that the magnetic field within the radio source has the opposite polarity to that of the ambient magnetic fields.     

A Global Dynamic Model for the Neolithic Transition

During the Holocene strong gradients in the distribution of technologyincluding subsistence ways emerged on a global scale.These patterns were further amplified in historic times and are stillvisible through worldwide differences in national wealth.In order to evaluate major factors responsible for the shift fromforaging to food production we here employ quantitative methods bydeveloping a deterministic but simple model. After compiling existing maps of potential vegetation at 5000 BP theinhabited world is split into 197 regions with homogeneous environmentalconditions. Suitable variables for the macro-economic and culturaldevelopment in the Neolithic period are found to be farming to hunting-gatheringratio, number of agricultural economies and a technological development index.The model explicitly describes economic adaptation, growth and migrationof human populations together with the spread of their cultural characteristics; it accounts for over-exploitation of natural resources, crowdingmortality and the climate variability on a millennium scale.In a thorough model validation region specific trajectories are compared toarchaeological evidence revealing a high correspondence. Major parts of the knownsequence of Neolithic centers including the timing differences are robustlyreproduced. A series of known problems in prehistory is discussedcomprising the lag between domestication and full scale farming, the off-levelingof the technological boost following the transition, the emergence ofdistinct migration waves and sensitivity to climate fluctuations.Not mere population pressure but continuous innovation and competition betweensubsistence strategies is identified as a prime mover of agricultural development.The results suggest that few aspects of biogeography may have determined theobserved continental gradients in the number of domesticable species ultimatelyleading to an increasing differentiation in technology and demography.     

腰椎间盘突出的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 评价多层螺旋CT诊断腰椎间盘突出的价值。材料与方法 对47例经手术病理证实的腰椎间盘突出多层螺旋CT图像进行分析。结果 47例中CT共发现56个椎间盘突出，多层螺旋CT诊断与手术的符合率为97％。硬膜囊前部受压36例，神经根受压、移位和增粗28例，有神经根涅没现象者16例。伴有许莫氏结节者13例，有椎间盘真空现象者8例。结论 多层螺旋CT对于诊断腰椎间盘突出有较高的价值。     

利用数值积分提高一维模型电偶源电磁测深响应计算精度

讨论了直接利用数值积分提高电偶源电磁测深响应计算精度的方法．具体为对Hankel积分进行直接积分，结合连分式展开方法以提高积分求和的收敛速度．利用该方法对均匀半空间和层状(两层)模型的电磁测深响应进行了模拟，结果表明与常规的快速Hankel滤波方法相比，采用直接数值积分能明显提高电偶源频率测深响应计算精度．从而为获得高精度瞬变测深晚期响应提供算法基础．     

方石英的亚稳态形成机制探讨

方石英形成于石英或鳞石英热力学稳定区是一种普遍的现象，并基本上是由非晶态SiO2转变而成。方石英的这种亚稳态形成机制可用Ostwald分步规则这一动力学经验规律来阐述；而引起非晶态SiO2转变成方石英的速率常数大大高于方石英转变成石英或鳞石英的速率常数的本质是非晶态SiO2局部中程有序结构与β—方石英的动态无序结构的相似性；这种相似性使非晶态SiO2结晶过程中β—方石英的有效成核速率大大增加，并最终导致亚稳态方石英的形成。非晶态SiO2中所含的杂质元素有利于降低方石英的形成温度，加速反应进程，但对于亚稳态方石英的形成没有决定作用，除非这些杂质元素有利于方石英结构的稳定性。     

软弱岩体钻孔变形测试研究

介绍了在软弱岩体中静荷载测试中钻孔弹模计法的原理和方法,并将该法运用到现场,得到了软弱岩体的压力变形的两种特殊形式。现场结果表明,该方法是对软弱岩体测试的一种比较好的方法。     

上海高速城市化进程对水环境的影响及对策探讨

近20年来上海社会经济发展迅速，城市规模不断扩张，对水环境的影响和压力十分突出。本文通过对上海城市化进程中所产生的水环境问题进行全面的分析，认为城市化的快速发展造成河网水系的锐减、地面沉降、水环境污染加重等问题，这些问题已成为影响上海城市可持续发展的重要限制因子之一。并对改善上海水环境状况的主要对策进行了探讨。