低阻页岩电阻率主控因素研究

龙马溪组页岩是现阶段国内勘探的主要层位之一。川南扬子地区下古生界的龙马溪组气层存在低电阻率特征,仅从测井响应上很难与水层区别。为此,在现有常规测井、钻井取心、生产动态等资料的基础上,结合大量铸体薄片、QEMSCAN和X全岩衍射等岩心分析实验,对该地区低阻气层的成因机制进行了深入研究,结果表明:川南扬子地区下古生界的龙马溪组低阻气层的主控因素有3个:黏土矿物的附加导电性、过成熟有机质完全石墨化和有机质纹层分布形式。实际应用结果表明:研究区低阻气层的成因为发育的有机质纹层和有机质部分石墨化,即页岩气储层表现为低阻往往都是多种因素相互叠加、相互影响造成的,在分析时需要根据不同地区、不同层段分析相应地质、测井和岩心资料,并且需要利用上下层段对比和邻井对比等方法判断储层低阻的主控因素。     

福建省紫金山矿田龙江亭矿床地质和成矿流体特征及成因意义

龙江亭矿床地处福建省紫金山矿田的西南部,矿体受北西向断裂控制,产于燕山早期中细粒花岗岩中。含矿岩体整体遭受硅化-绢云母化-伊利石化-蒙脱石化,浅部为强硅化-迪开石化,深部保留有钾化;后期蚀变主要分布在地表,为硅化-高岭土化和褐铁矿化,偶见萤石化、重晶石化、石膏化。矿物组合和穿插关系显示,成矿前为无矿石英脉;成矿期脉体矿物组合为石英-绢云母-黄铁矿-铜硫化物;成矿后脉体矿物组合为石英-方解石±石膏。根据矿石组构和铜硫化物类型,成矿期脉体可细分为3个亚类或阶段:早阶段为黄铁矿-黄铜矿组合,浸染状和网脉浸染状构造,见于矿体深部;中阶段为黄铁矿-黄铜矿-斑铜矿-硫砷铜矿组合,具梳状、胶状或皮壳状构造,见于矿体中部;晚阶段为蓝辉铜矿-铜蓝组合,浸染状或晶簇构造,见于浅部坑道和地表。早阶段脉体矿物含大量富液相包裹体,少量富气相包裹体,均一温度为262~403℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.2%~18.6%,显示中-高温热液的特征;中阶段脉体中的包裹体几乎全部均一到液相,完全均一温度为201~302℃,峰值为250℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.2%~10.1%,总体显示中-低温热液的特征;晚阶段包裹体全部均一到液相,均一温度为117~250℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.4%~9.5%之间,表现出低温、低盐度大气降水热液的特征。根据蚀变类型确定成矿期logf(O2)=-42~-38,p H值=3~5;根据金属矿物组合估算出中阶段logf(S2)=-9±,晚阶段logf(S2)=-6.5±。龙江亭矿床硫逸度-温度变化规律不同于世界上其他岩浆-流体成矿系统,可能经历了2次成矿事件,后期的高硫型浅成低温热液成矿作用叠加在早期的斑岩型矿床之上,一方面造成了复杂多样的蚀变类型、矿物组合和矿石组构,另一方面继承、残留了斑岩型矿床的特征。因此,其属于叠合成因的斑岩型-浅成低温热液型矿床,而非斑岩型与浅成低温热液型之间的过渡。     

商周青铜文物的腐蚀研究——高放废物处置系统人为类似物研究实例

文章论述了出土商周时代青铜文物的化学成分和结构特征以及样品采集地区的环境条件。研究表明青铜文物随时间而不断腐蚀。腐蚀层至少由两个亚层组成,即氧化物层和碳酸盐亚层。有些样品出现物理腐蚀亚层,即疏松层;有些样品则产出SnO2亚层。青铜腐蚀层的厚度在不同环境条件下发生变化,干旱条件下为50~260μm,潮湿条件下为320~800μm。从天然抗腐蚀观点看,青铜可推荐作为高放废物处置系统废物罐的材料。     

我国西北地区多年降水的氢氧同位素分布特征研究

降水是干旱区水文循环研究不可缺少的水文要素,为了揭示我国西北地区大气降水的氢氧同位素时空分布特征,合理开展不同尺度水文循环研究和建立对比标准,系统搜集分析了乌鲁木齐、银川、张掖、兰州、平凉、西安和拉萨七个地区多年大气降水的氢氧同位素数据资料。分析结果表明:乌鲁木齐、银川、张掖和兰州四个地区的δ18O值夏半年明显高于冬半年,从全年尺度上来看只是受到了温度效应的影响;而位于关中盆地的西安地区则由于复杂的水汽来源,冬半年表现出受温度效应的控制,夏半年转为雨量效应控制为主。平凉地区δ18O与其它海拔相近地区(如兰州)相比5~9月份均偏负,这与平凉地区较弱的城市热岛效应有关。西北地区大气降水δD和δ18O的变化范围均在全球大气降水的变化范围之内,除平凉和拉萨外,其它几个地区大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均小于全球大气降水线,说明这些地区的降水是在干旱环境下经历较强程度的蒸发条件下进行的,且在降水过程中还可能受到了局地二次蒸发凝结等水汽循环的影响。而该区域大气降水的氘盈余(d值)表现出冬半年高、夏半年低的特点,表明冬半年和夏半年水汽来源不同或者水源地的蒸发条件不同。     

基坑围护钢筋混凝土支撑精确爆破拆除

介绍了南京新城科技园国际研发总部园基坑支撑体系精确爆破拆除实例。针对大面积、大体量的支撑拆除,提出了精确爆破参数、科学起爆网络、可靠安全防护措施方案,取得了良好的爆破效果。     

双重含水介质水文地质参数的高分辨率识别

某火山岩矿区由于受后期构造影响,含水介质除了发育成岩裂隙-孔洞外,还发育有多组构造裂隙和剪切破碎带。抽水试验显示:抽水早期(≤6min)各观测孔的降深明显大于泰斯理论降深(单重均质),中后期(6min)趋于一致,呈现出双重含水介质的释水特征。本次研究在充分分析双重介质释水机理的基础上,结合时间步长为20s的高分辨率降深资料,采用分段泰斯模型进行了水文地质参数的识别。结果表明:剪切破碎带等强导水介质的弹性给水度略小于成岩裂隙-孔洞弱导水介质的弹性给水度;但导水系数相差很大,强导水介质一般为5 590~6 130m2/d,而弱导水介质仅715~743m2/d,这必然会导致未来矿山开拓过程中初见涌水量和稳定涌水量的显著差异,需要引起足够的重视。     

Buxus Leaves from the Oligocene of Guangxi, China and Their Biogeographical Signi?cance

The present paper reports two new species of Buxus from the Oligocene Ningming Formation of Guangxi, South China, on the basis of several compressed fossil leaves. Buxus ningmingensis sp. nov. is characterized by an elliptic to ovate shape; pinnate venation with marginal secondary, long hairs on the adaxial side of the midvein base; and amphistomatic, anomocytic stomata with a prominent outer ring. All of these characteristics suggest a closest af?nity to the living Buxus microphylla subsp. sinica. Another new species identi?ed as Buxus preaustro-yunnanensis sp. nov. is characterized by the diagnostic formation of its admedially branched tertiaries, the trunks of which are often strongly thickened by sclereides. This species is most similar to the extant Buxus austro-yunnanensis. The co-occurrence of Buxus ningmingensis sp. nov. and Buxus preaustro-yunnanensis sp. nov. suggests that these two Buxus lived during the Oligocene under a warm, tropical to subtropical climate, similar to the current climate of Ningming. Our ?ndings provide the earliest fossil evidence of Buxus leaves with detailed illustrations of leaf architectural and cuticular features. The occurrence of these two species indicates that Buxus began to diversify in Guangxi no later than the Oligocene.     

Formation and Evolution of a Paleosol across the Lower Silurian-Lower Permian Boundary in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China and Its Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate Implications

This paper presents a set of bulk geochemical and mineralogical data from a paleoweathering profile located in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China. It was formed at the top of the Hanjiadian Formation of the Lower Silurian. A truncated, argillic, gleyed, kryptic paleospodosol is recognized in the paleoweathering profile. Ratios of immobile elements (Ti/Zr, Ti/Al) and their binary (e.g., Nb vs. Zr/TiO2 and Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc), triangular diagrams (La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10, Zr-Cr-Ga) reflect that the Gaojiayan paleosol is the product of in-situ weathering of gray-green silty mudstone of the underlying Hanjiadian Formation. Mass balance calculations indicate K enrichment and Na enrichment in the upper and lower portions of paleosol, respectively. These findings both are the results of transgression, which brings substantial concentrations of such elements as K, Na, and Sr. In particular, K enrichment is achieved by the illitization of kaolinite. The biological processes of terrestrial vascular plants also enhance K concentration, especially at the top of the paleosol. Na enrichment is a consequence of albitization and/or adsorption by clay minerals through cation exchange. The mass distributions and relative mass changes of rare earth elements (REEs) in the studied profile display characteristics of vertical zonation. Three peaks in total REEs content are observed, indicating two paleoclimatic or paleoenvironmental changes. Mineralogical characteristics indicate that the paleoclimate changed first from warm and humid to cold and dry and later, to dry and lightly warmer. The corresponding soil environment varies from weakly acidic to strongly alkaline and later, to weakly acidic. Mass translocation characteristics of REEs and several transition metals suggest that the Gaojiayan paleosol may have undergone top erosion.