基于NCEP FNL资料的山西岢岚地区雨雪天气诊断可信度分析

基于山西岢岚地区2005—2014年共1218个雨雪天气日的NCEP FNL资料(1°×1°)与探空资料,采用偏差、绝对差、相关系数和偏差区间占有率的统计方法,对常规物理量(温度、相对湿度、纬向风和经向风)和诊断物理量(T_800-500、T_d800和TT_d700)进行统计分析。结果表明:常规物理量中的温度平均偏差值和绝对差值最小、相关系数值最大,分别为-0. 22℃、1. 02℃、0. 90,可信度最高;而相对湿度的平均偏差值和绝对差值最大、相关系数值最小,分别为12. 31%、19. 68%和0. 63,可信度最低;纬向风和经向风的可信度相差不大,略低于温度;诊断物理量T_800-500、T_d800和TT_d700的偏差值分别为-0. 08℃、1. 50℃和2. 79℃,绝对差值分别为1. 21℃、3. 33℃和4. 14℃,相关系数值分别为0. 95、0. 92和0. 74,偏差值为[-5,5]占总数百分比分别为98. 77%、80. 30%和75. 04%。即T_800-500可信度最高,TT_d700指数可信度最低。     

印度洋海温异常和南海夏季风建立迟早的关系I.耦合分析

运用CSVD和联合CSVD等较新颖的统计方法,在去除/未去除ENSO影响的思路下,探讨了印度洋海温异常和南海夏季风建立迟早的关系,结果表明:在没有去除ENSO信号(外部作用)影响的情况下,全区一致型的海温异常分布对南海夏季风建立迟早起着重要的作用。当全区温度距平为正(负)时,南海夏季风建立较晚(早)。在去除了ENSO信号的影响后,非ENSO全区一致型和SIODM型是影响南海夏季风建立早晚的两个主要的印度洋海温分布型。对于非ENSO全区一致型的海温分布,当前期海温全区为负(正)距平时,南海夏季风建立较早(晚)。而对于SIODM型的海温分布,则当前期海温距平为西负东正(西正东负)的SIODM型时,南海夏季风建立较早(晚)。     

Performance of a Reconfigured Atmospheric General Circulation Model at Low Resolution

Paleoclimate simulations usually require model runs over a very long time.The fast integration version of a state-of-the-art general circulation model (GCM),which shares the same physical and dynamical processes but with reduced horizontal resolution and increased time step,is usually developed.In this study,we configure a fast version of an atmospheric GCM (AGCM),the Grid Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG (Institute of Atmospheric Physics/State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics),at low resolution (GAMIL-L,hereafter),and compare the simulation results with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and other data to examine its performance.GAMIL-L,which is derived from the original GAMIL,is a finite difference AGCM with 72×40 grids in longitude and latitude and 26 vertical levels.To validate the simulated climatology and variability,two runs were achieved.One was a 60-year control run with fixed climatological monthly sea surface temperature (SST) forcing,and the other was a 50-yr (1950-2000) integration with observational time-varying monthly SST forcing.Comparisons between these two cases and the reanalysis,including intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability are also presented.In addition,the differences between GAMIL-L and the original version of GAMIL are also investigated. The results show that GAMIL-L can capture most of the large-scale dynamical features of the atmosphere, especially in the tropics and mid latitudes,although a few deficiencies exist,such as the underestimated Hadley cell and thereby the weak strength of the Asia summer monsoon.However,the simulated mean states over high latitudes,especially over the polar regions,are not acceptable.Apart from dynamics,the thermodynamic features mainly depend upon the physical parameterization schemes.Since the physical package of GAMIL-L is exactly the same as the original high-resolution version of GAMIL,in which the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2) physical package was used,there are only small differences between them in the precipitation and temperature fields.Because our goal is to develop a fast-running AGCM and employ it in the coupled climate system model of IAP/LASG for paleoclimate studies such as ENSO and Australia-Asia monsoon,particular attention has been paid to the model performances in the tropics.More model validations,such as those ran for the Southern Oscillation and South Asia monsoon, indicate that GAMIL-L is reasonably competent and valuable in this regard.     

A Closure Study of Aerosol Hygroscopic Growth Factor during the 2006 Pearl River Delta Campaign

Measurements of aerosol physical, chemical and optical parameters were carried out in Guangzhou, China from 1 July to 31 July 2006 during the Pearl River Delta Campaign. The dry aerosol scattering coefficient was measured using an integrating nephelometer and the aerosol scattering coefficient for wet conditions was determined by subtracting the sum of the aerosol absorption coefficient, gas scattering coefficient and gas absorption coefficient from the atmospheric extinction coefficient. Following this, the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, f(RH), was calculated as the ratio of wet and dry aerosol scattering coefficients. Measurements of size-resolved chemical composition, relative humidity (RH), and published functional relationships between particle chemical composition and water uptake were likewise used to find the aerosol scattering coefficients in wet and dry conditions using Mie theory for internally- or externally-mixed particle species [(NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, NaCl, POM, EC and residue]. Closure was obtained by comparing the measured f(RH) values from the nephelometer and other in situ optical instruments with those computed from chemical composition and thermodynamics. Results show that the model can represent the observed f(RH) and is appropriate for use as a component in other higher-order models.     

Temporal and Spatial Variations in the Climate Controls of Vegetation Dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau during 1982–2011

The ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau is highly susceptible to climate change. Currently, there is little discussion on the temporal changes in the link between climatic factors and vegetation dynamics in this region under the changing climate.By employing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data, the Climatic Research Unit temperature and precipitation data,and the in-situ meteorological observations, we report the temporal and spatial variations in the relationships between the vegetation dynamics and climatic factors on the Plateau over the past three decades. The results show that from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s, vegetation dynamics in the central and southeastern part of the Plateau appears to show a closer relationship with precipitation prior to the growing season than that of temperature. From the mid-1990s, the temperature rise seems to be the key climatic factor correlating vegetation growth in this region. The effects of increasing temperature on vegetation are spatially variable across the Plateau: it has negative impacts on vegetation activity in the southwestern and northeastern part of the Plateau, and positive impacts in the central and southeastern Plateau. In the context of global warming, the changing climate condition(increasing precipitation and significant rising temperature) might be the potential contributor to the shift in the climatic controls on vegetation dynamics in the central and southeastern Plateau.     

南海夏季风爆发与热带太平洋两类海温型关系的年代际差异

南海夏季风爆发日期在1993/1994年出现年代际偏早的转变,利用海温和再分析资料的研究证实西北太平洋增暖和两类海温型的年代际差异可能是导致此种变化的重要成因。进一步的研究揭示出在南海夏季风爆发出现年代际变化的背景下,南海夏季风爆发日期与太平洋海温的关系也出现明显的变化:1993/1994年之前的第一年代东太平洋(EP)型海温异常起主导作用,而1993/1994年之后的第二年代两类海温型均影响了季风爆发,但以中太平洋(CP)型海温异常为主。第一年代,东太平洋型增温(EPW)通过抑制西北太平洋-孟加拉湾的对流活动,在菲律宾海、孟加拉湾西部激发出两个距平反气旋,使越赤道气流建立偏晚、孟加拉湾低槽填塞、西北太平洋副热带高压增强,进而导致南海夏季风爆发偏晚,且其影响可从4月维持到5月;而中太平洋型增温(CPW)对季风爆发前期的流场无显著影响。第二年代,CPW通过抑制菲律宾-孟加拉湾东部的对流活动,在菲律宾-孟加拉湾激发出一个距平反气旋,使孟加拉湾低槽填塞、南海地区副高增强,进而阻碍季风爆发,且显著影响仅出现在4月;EPW对4月大气环流场的影响与第一年代较为接近,在菲律宾-孟加拉湾一带产生的风场、对流场异常稍弱于CPW,但其影响无法持续到5月。     

长江下游百年一遇的极值风速分布

利用2000-2006年长江下游沿江8个风速、风向观测点与邻近气象站同步对比观测资料和1971—2006年长江下游40个气象站风资料, 依据具99%置信水平的数理重构方案和极值Ⅰ型计算方法, 详细给出长江下游百年一遇风速分布状况。结果表明:长江下游沿江地区百年一遇极值风速为25~38 m/s, 较一般方法上限高3 m/s, 下限低2 m/s; 长江南京—镇江段和南通—崇明段, 是长江下游沿江地区的两个大风区, 百年一遇极值风速不低于29 m/s, 其在入海口附近可达34 m/s以上; 在长江常州—江阴段, 江南、江北对称分布两个风速相对低值区, 百年一遇极值风速为23~24 m/s。该结果充分考虑气象站风速资料和局地风速状况, 是沿江相关工程气象应用的重要补充。     

华北“7.20”特大暴雨多尺度特征分析

利用华北地区248个加密气象观测站资料、FY-2G黑体亮温TBB、邢台站探空资料、华北地区多普勒雷达资料、欧洲中心（ECMWF）0.25°×0.25°和NCEP/NCAR（1°×1°）再分析资料,对2016年7月19—21日一场特大暴雨进行多尺度特征分析。结果表明：200 hPa南亚高压系统呈东西带状分布,500 hPa为“东高西低”环流背景,鄂霍茨克海附近闭合高压下游阻挡效应使上游系统移速缓慢,华北长时间处于深槽之中,环流形势利于产生稳定经向型暴雨;通过高低层流场对比发现,高空急流入口区右侧与低空急流出口区左侧重叠区为最强降水区域,降水大值区均位于太行山及燕山山脉迎风坡;垂直方向上,垂直上升运动中心介于散度辐合中心与辐散中心之间,剧烈的抽吸效应将水汽输送至高层,冷暖气流交汇及水汽上升过程凝结潜热释放导致对流系统迅速发展。河北地区稳定的深厚气旋是本次暴雨的关键系统,19日石家庄地区强对流单体（>45 dBz）存在时间超过20 h。MCS影响范围广、特殊山脉地形作用、系统停留时间较长等原因造成累积降水量增大,是本次暴雨与“7.21”北京特大暴雨相比的突出特点之一。     

2008年5—6月华南地区强降水过程的大尺度环流背景

利用华南地区逐日降水量资料以及美国NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,对2008年5—6月华南连续强降水过程的大尺度环流、水汽输送及其与南半球相联系的环流背景进行分析。结果表明:(1)强降水期间西太平洋副高偏强,位置偏西偏南;鄂霍次克海地区多有阻高出现,形成一脊两槽的经向环流形势,有利于冷空气分裂南下与西南暖湿气流交汇。(2)4次强降水期间索马里急流的水汽输送均异常偏强,孟加拉湾及南海的水汽输送亦偏强;4次降水过程的水汽输送特征又有所差异。(3)4次强降水过程的发生与越赤道气流及南半球马斯克林高压、澳大利亚高压的加强密切相关,索马里越赤道气流的特别强劲是华南发生暴雨的主要原因之一。前期马斯克林高压、澳大利亚高压以及索马里、西太平洋越赤道气流的异常活动,对于华南强降水过程具有预报指示意义。     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER*

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.